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COMPUTER SCIENCE
Storage information objects various kinds on various digital media
(2 hours: lecture and practice)
Recalling the concept of an object, which is defined as a part of the surrounding world, considered as a whole, we can speculate that an information model that has no connection with the original object can also be considered an object, but not material, but information.
Closed formats or open formats
To work with the file you need software, which allows you to read, modify or save the data of this file. These are mainly standards established by government bodies or international institutions whose purpose is to establish standards to ensure software compatibility. closed format. The format is closed if the presentation mode of its data is opaque, and its specification does not belong to a public domain. These are the formats developed by the company for encoding the data of the application created by it: only the software created by this enterprise can correctly and completely read the data contained in the proprietary file. Patented formats can be protected by law with patents and require royalties to all who use them.
Software for each media and format
In order to have access to these different types of media recorded in different formats, you will need the appropriate tools, which are usually called “software” or “programs”.Information Object is a collection of logically related information.
The information object, "alienated" from the original object, can be stored on various material carriers. The simplest material medium is paper. There are also magnetic, electronic, laser and other storage media.
Each software usually has its own format. But in most cases, the software can understand other formats. Namely, that in general, music software can not understand text media and mutually. Like open and proprietary formats, there is free software and proprietary software.
The main question, for the sake of communication, is not necessarily the choice of software, but especially the choice of the format in which the software can record. As indicated, software can often record in several formats. Therefore, often several programs can interpret common formats. Warning. To convert the file format to another, you must perform the conversion operation. Especially do not rename the file in the desired format.
With information objects fixed on a material medium, one can perform the same actions as with information when working on a computer: enter them, store, process, transfer. When working with information objects, the computer plays an important role. Using the opportunities that office technologies provide to the user, it is possible to create a variety of professional computer documents that will be varieties of information objects. Everything that is created in computer environments will be an information object.
Or you know your contact person, and you agreed to use the format of the document that you are going to send to him. Or you don’t know your interlocutors, in this case you must send them to a widespread and non-discriminatory format. In other words, you will be careful not to impose, read your file, paid software or a specific operating system. Your document should be readable in one of the most widely used systems and without having to pay for a paid program. All involved participants are aware of the possible consequences. . An overview of the most common formats and their characteristics.
Literary work, newspaper article, order - examplestext information objects. Drawings, drawings, diagrams aregraphic information objects. Various tabular documents are examples.tabular information objects. Video and music -audiovisual information objects.
File Formats Used and Description
We will start with a document such as text, rather complicated in our presentation, recorded in several formats. As for the various formats, a priori hypotheses can be put forward about the problems that these various types of formats may represent. This is a closed and closed format.
A priori, only people equipped with this software can read this format. This, unlike the word format, open format. On the other hand, this is not a discriminatory format. To do this, we will need to find workarounds. Most word processing programs are capable of writing and reading this format, but since some programs tend to use extensions belonging to this format, its compatibility remains relative. If you need to work with other people in one document, this format is a good alternative.
Quite often we deal with compound documents in which information is presented in different forms. Such documents may contain text, figures, tables, formulas, and much more. School books, magazines, newspapers are well-known to all examples of compound documents that are information objects of a complex structure. To create compound documents, software environments are used in which the possibility of presenting information in various forms is provided. Other examples of complex information objects include computer-generated presentations and hypertext documents.
In your letters, if this is the content you are interested in, and not the layout, send the text directly to the body of your messages, and not in the application. Plain text does not apply to any virus, it is very light and can be easily used to create tables that any software can read.
Software for reading this format is freely available on the Internet and is available for almost all operating systems. Documents stored in this format are not intended to be modified directly. On the other hand, if you want to distribute a document that should respect the same layout for all or without the risk of content disappearing, this format should be recommended.
For storage and transmission of electronic information objects using removable digital media. These include:
removable hDD - an information storage device based on the principle of magnetic recording, information is recorded on rigid (aluminum or glass) plates coated with a layer of ferromagnetic material,
As for the format of “plain text”: in connection with the previous description, I do not even have a question to ask myself. If you do not have a computer with an operating system, all without exception can access the document. If this is not the case, it will only take you a few minutes to download and install it. This will be caused by the first problem.
If this principle is valid for communication between different interlocutors, they, in my opinion, are even more important when it comes to perpetuating information. However, distributors are not subject to ongoing state supervision. Collective investment schemes are approved when their main documents comply with the legal provisions of the law on collective investment schemes.
diskette - a portable storage medium used for multiple recording and storage of data, which is a flexible magnetic disk coated in a protective magnetic case, coated with a ferromagnetic layer, placed in a protective plastic case,
compact disc - an optical information carrier in the form of a plastic disk with a hole in the center, the process of writing and reading information is carried out using a laser (CD-ROM and DVD-ROM is read-only; CD-RW and DVD-RW information can be recorded repeatedly),
Registration also requires certain conditions. Separation of the support surface into pits and lands, and then into the transitions between pits and lands to determine the binary structure from which data is collected. In practice, at the end of each group, 10 bytes of Reed-Solomon data are adjusted to correct errors, and at the end of each block 16 groups of Reed-Solomon data are added to correct errors.
- The shape and size of the media.
- Spiral data recording.
- Maximum speed per second: 25.5 Hz.
- Minimum rotation speed per second: 10.5 Hz.
memory card or flash card - compact electronic storage device used for storage digital information (they are widely used in electronic devices, including digital cameras, cell Phoneslaptops, MP3 players and game consoles),
USB flash drive (slang flash drive) - a storage device that uses flash memory as a medium and connects to a computer or other reader via USB.
Any problems can be solved for readers with a simple firmware update. However, it is a format that is incompatible with readers and desktop readers. A clockwise spiral is used to guarantee the clock, and the signs are pre-engraved on both the spiral and the spiral loops during the manufacture of the support. Pre-embossed spirals and sector headers are modeled in support jobs.
The format, as always, uses the technology of material state changes in combination with spiral-spiral technology, which makes it impossible to use communication sectors. This type of media is formatted, as the name says, only two layers, one external and one external, spaced from each other by a variable space of 20 to 70 microns. Increasing the length increases 3 effects.
All programs and data are stored in long-term (external) computer memory in the form of files.
File - this is a certain amount of information (program or data) that has a name and is stored in long-term (external) memory.
The file name consists of two parts separated by a dot:file name itself and expansion determining its type (program, data, etc.). Actually, the user gives the name of the file, and the file type is usually set automatically by the program when it is created.
The easiest option is to choose cheap discs from an unfamiliar brand, but you will quickly realize that cheap here is too expensive. On the other hand, it is not entirely true to say that if you invest more money in proven leaders, you will get the desired results, but you can always get incompatibility between the recorder and a particular brand of discs. Therefore, it is recommended that you experiment with various types of media until you find those that show satisfactory recording quality.
The most suitable recording speed This is probably another problem that bothers you the most and rightly. The higher the write speed, the greater the likelihood that the recorded information will not be read. It is well known that discs recorded at maximum speed store information for much less time than media recorded at medium or lower speeds. When recording at maximum speed, there is a high risk of an error called “buffer overflow”. to delete the buffer, where the transfer of files to the disk is completed until the load on the processor is destroyed, which will inevitably damage the corresponding optical media.
IN operating system Windows file name can have up to 255 characters, and the Russian alphabet is allowed, spaces and other previously forbidden characters are allowed, with the exception of the following nine: / \\: *? "|. You can use several periods in the file name. All characters are considered an extension standing behind the last point.
Therefore, to ensure optimum security, it is better not to exceed the maximum speed for which a particular medium is certified, even if the recorder shows you that it can also work at higher speeds. Therefore, it does not make sense to save time from recording if the disc cannot be read normally.
Both types of computer devices have been selling for a long time, and wrestling is now transmitted to home players. Remember that when you record recordings on one medium, you have the option to add information at a later date as a new session or to close the disc even if it is not full, so it cannot be recorded anything else on it. Before you start recording, you need to specify what type it should be, depending on the use of certain media.
The role of the file name extension is purely informational, not command. If you assign a file extension with the name TXT to the image, the contents of the file will not turn into text. It can be viewed in a program designed to work with texts, but such a viewing will not give anything intelligible.
File attributes are set for each file and indicate to the system what operations can be performed with files. There are four attributes:
And you should keep in mind two things: firstly, if you record multimedia in several sessions, the life of the recording data is significantly narrowed due to the additional load on the media. How we conducted the tests As part of the upcoming test, we selected some of the most popular optical media brands on the Bulgarian market.
And the second technology, which will become an obvious competitor to the ultraviolet laser, is collinear holography. If this button is not active after inserting the disk into the drive, it is likely that your program is not supported by the program. Do not be surprised if you re-test the same drive and get different results from others. The difference is that such errors can be easily fixed thanks to the built-in optical drive and drive system for correction.
Read Only (R);
Archival (A);
Hidden (H);
Systemic (S).
Attribute of a read-only file.
This attribute indicates that the file cannot be modified. All attempts to modify a file with a read-only attribute, delete it, or rename it will fail.
Hidden file attribute.
A file with this attribute does not appear in the folder. The attribute can also be applied to entire folders. It must be remembered that the system provides the ability to display hidden files, for this it is enough in the Explorer menu Tools - Folder Options - View tab - Show hidden files and folders.
However, before the recording you create takes the form of this black disk, it must go a long way — a series of technological operations. All this journey has its limitations - fixed boundaries that arise from physical laws. Of course, you want the result of your work along this path to go without any “abrasions”. On the other hand, you, as a railwayman, who must load goods so that the car passes under the bridge, passes through the tunnel, does not exceed the carrying capacity of the bridges and makes maximum use of the loading space.
The file attribute is Archive.
Almost all files have such an attribute; enabling / disabling it makes almost no sense. Used by attribute programs reserve copy to identify changes to the file.
The file attribute is "System."
This attribute is set for files required by the operating system for stable operation. In fact, it makes the file hidden and read-only. It is not possible to set the system attribute for the file yourself.
Long playback times mean a significant reduction in recording level and dynamics. The requirement for an extremely high recording level, on the contrary, significantly reduces the possible playback time. Place the tricky, exposed pieces at the top, and not to the end of each side of the board. The recording and scanning conditions deteriorate for vinyl records with a decrease in diameter to the center of the plate, especially for high frequencies. Do not use psychoacoustic processors excessively. Check the master not only for subjective listening, but also for analyzers of correlation and frequency spectrum. The lowest frequencies of acoustic bands below 300 Hz should be in phase. If there is a noticeable loss of bass when combining both channels, this means that the image is not properly processed for the vinyl record. Filter out signal components that are not subjectively perceived during playback, that is, subsonic signals below 20 Hz are better than 40 Hz and components in the upper part of the acoustic band are more than 16 kHz. This avoids recording and playback problems. For recordings that are significantly different from natural sounds in the acoustic band, this can happen when decoding the sound changes in sound due to limitations that follow from the principle of mechanical recording and reproduction. In the note to the tracklist, warn about any anomalies, special effects, etc. Without an appropriate tracklist, an order cannot be accepted for production. Always deliver the master to your production after a thorough formal and sound check without mechanical damage in the appropriate packaging and accompanying documentation! Carefully check whether the tracklist data is consistent with the fact of the master, with the materials for printing labels, packaging and events. print attachments. Also make sure the data is clear, understandable, and understandable. Disputes over finished products arising from inconsistencies in the documents may not be subject to a later requirement! If you require additional changes or processing, express your wishes accurately and clearly in the accompanying documentation. Make sure that it is clearly visible what is on the carrier and what should be in the final product. Try not to exceed the maximum recommended length on the side of the board. . Theoretical record length for different record formats and record types.
To change the attributes of a file, you must open its properties window and enable the corresponding options.
There are also additional attributes, these include indexing and archiving attributes, as well as compression and encryption attributes.
When transferring and storing various files, the volume of these files must be taken into account. If the volume is too large, you can create an archive of files using archiver programs (7-zip, WinRAR, WinZip).
Archiving - This is file compression, that is, reducing their size.
When creating archives, executable programs, text files, image files, web pages, sound files, video files are compressed in different ways.
Recording information.
Recording Information - This is a way of fixing information on a tangible medium.
Ways to write information to CDs:
using special recording programs (Nero, CDBurnerXP, Burn4Free, CD DVD Burning, etc.);
through tasks for writingCD (we place the necessary objects on the disk by dragging and dropping or copying, select "burn files to a CD" in CD burning tasks).
Methods of recording information on other removable digital media:
copying (select the necessary objects, right-click, in the context menu that appears, select "copy"; through the context menu of the right mouse button, choosing "paste", paste the objects to the desired digital media);
A removable hard disk is a storage device based on the principle of magnetic recording, information is recorded on hard (aluminum removable digital media or glass) plates covered with a layer of ferromagnetic material.
A floppy disk is a portable storage medium used for repeated recording and storage of data, which is a flexible magnetic disk covered in a ferromagnetic layer placed in a protective plastic case. Removable Digital Media
A compact disc is an optical information carrier in the form of a plastic disc with a hole in the center, the process of recording and reading information of which is carried out using a laser (CD - ROM and DVD drive - read-only; CD-RW and DVD-RW information can be recorded repeatedly). Removable Digital Media
A memory card or flash card is a compact electronic storage device used to store digital information (they are widely used in electronic devices, including digital cameras, cell phones, laptops, MP3 players and game consoles). Removable Digital Media
USB flash drive (slang flash drive) - a storage device that uses flash memory as a medium and connects to a computer or other reading device via USB. Removable Digital Media
Attributes of the file and its volume. Accounting for file volumes during their storage, transfer. Recording Information
A file is a certain amount of information (program or data) that has a name and is stored in long-term (external) memory. The file name consists of two parts separated by a period: the file name itself and the extension that determines its type (program, data, etc.). Actually, the user gives the name of the file, and the file type is usually set automatically by the program when it is created.
File type Extension Executable programs exe, com Text files txt, rtf, doc Image files bmp, gif, jpg, png, pds and others. Web pages htm, html Sound files wav, mp3, midi, kar, ogg Video files avi, mpeg
The file name can have up to 255 characters, the use of the Russian alphabet is allowed, the following nine characters are not allowed: / \\: *? "|. You can use several periods in the file name. All characters behind the last period are considered as the extension of the name.
File attributes are set for each file and indicate to the system what operations can be performed with files. There are four attributes: - read only (R); - archival (A); - hidden (H); - systemic (S).
Attribute of a read-only file. This attribute indicates that the file cannot be modified. All attempts to modify a file with a read-only attribute, delete it, or rename it will fail. Hidden file attribute. A file with this attribute does not appear in the folder. The attribute can also be applied to entire folders. It must be remembered that the system provides the ability to display hidden files, for this it is enough in the Explorer menu Tools - Folder Properties - View tab - Show hidden files and folders.
The file attribute is Archive. Almost all files have such an attribute; enabling / disabling it makes almost no sense. Used by backup software to identify changes to the file. The file attribute is "System." This attribute is set for files required by the operating system for stable operation. In fact, it makes the file hidden and read-only. It is not possible to set the system attribute for the file yourself.
To change the attributes of a file, you must open its properties window and enable the corresponding options.
There are also additional attributes, these include indexing and archiving attributes, as well as compression and encryption attributes.
When transferring and storing various files, the volume of these files must be taken into account. If the volume is too large, you can create an archive of files using archiver programs (7-zip, WinRAR, WinZip). Archiving is the compression of files, that is, reducing their size. When creating archives, executable programs, text files, graphic files, Web pages, sound files, video files are compressed in different ways.
Recording information is a way of recording information on a tangible medium. Ways to write information to CDs: using special burning programs (Nero, CDBurnerXP, Burn4Free, CD DVD Burning, etc.); through tasks for burning a CD (we put the necessary objects onto the disc using drag and drop or copying, select “burn files to a CD” in CD burning tasks).
Ways to write information to other removable digital media: copying (select the necessary objects, right-click, select “copy” in the context menu that appears; use the right-click context menu to select “paste”, paste the objects into the desired digital medium); drag and drop (select the necessary objects, press the left mouse button while holding it, drag documents to the desired digital medium).
Carriers computer information
Module random access memoryinserted into the motherboard
Computer memory (information storage device, memory device) - part of the computer, physical device or a medium for storing data used in calculations for a certain time. Memory, like CPU, has been a constant part of the computer since the 1940s.
At the household level, the word "memory" has a narrower meaning - a semiconductor memory with random access (RAM), used as the RAM of a personal computer (strip or memory module). However, the concept of memory is much broader.
Computer memory has always had a hierarchical structure and involves the use of several storage devices with different characteristics.
The most well-known means of machine data storage used in personal computers are: RAM modules, hard drives (hard drives), floppy disks (flexible magnetic disks), - or flash memory.
Memory functions
Computer memory provides support for one of the functions of a modern computer - the ability to store information for a long time. Together with the central processor, the storage device are the key links in the so-called von Neumann architecture, the principle laid down in the basis of most modern general-purpose computers.
The first computers used storage devices exclusively for storing processed data. Their programs were implemented at the hardware level in the form of hard-set executable sequences. Any reprogramming required a huge amount of manual work on preparing new documentation, reconnecting, rebuilding blocks and devices, etc. Using the von Neumann architecture, which provides for storing computer programs and data in shared memory, radically changed the situation.
To date, many diverse devices designed to store data have been created, many of which are based on the use of a variety of physical effects. A universal solution does not exist, each contains one or another shortcoming. Therefore, computer systems are usually equipped with several types of storage systems, the main properties of which determine their use and purpose.
Physical fundamentals of functioning
Read only memory, ROM - a type of memory memory designed to store and read data that never changes. Data is written to the ROM in the manufacturing process, so the user cannot change it. The most common ROMs are made on integrated circuits (LSI, VLSI) and optical CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs.
Programmable read-only memory, EPROM - a type of memory in which it is possible to record or change data by exposing the storage medium to electric, magnetic and / or electromagnetic (including ultraviolet or other) fields, often under control special program. There are single-write EEPROMs and erasable EEPROMs (Dictionary of Criminal Law)
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