In St. Petersburg, as part of the renovation of the historical center, they thought about underground shopping complexes and parking lots. In Kiev, in the meantime, many shopping centers have long been working under Earth, and in Moscow there is a "ochable row" under the Manezhnaya Square, and the largest parking lots in the center are also built under Earth. Hide from the eye, you can use anything - from parking and communications to football fields. And modern technologies allow you to do it on different soils and foundations, without fear of collaps and floodings. And the place saved at the top can be turned into parks, pedestrian embankments and public spaces. The Village disassembled the most iconic projects for underground construction in the world.
The Big Dig
In the 80-90s, the Bostonians constantly complained to the Massachusetts government for a difficult transport and environmental situation, that along the embankment of the Charles and Boston Bayton River, it is almost impossible to walk due to noise, dust and ugly species. Here converged the two main highways (I-90 and I-93) of the northeastern states, which, with the growth of traffic flows, a lot in the life of the city.
That is why the Big Boston Tunnel (The Big Dig) is an underground route, passing through the heart of Boston, has become a real salvation for the metropolis. He was built nine years ago, in 2003, and this is still the most expensive project in the history of the US construction ($ 14.6 billion).
Tunnel designers collided with two problems: the railway station was located above the construction site, which could not be closed at the time of work, and the soil consisted of loose rocks, sand and old wooden piles, which were once the foundations of the first Boston houses, by the beginning of the 20th century underground. Therefore, parts of the tunnel had to literally drive under the ground using jacks, and the ground is freezing. Two these technologies allowed to save time and money and not disturb the usual lifestyle of citizens. On January 17, 2003, six kilometers of the eight-vapor underground road were open.
Since the launch of the tunnel, two interraces contacted underground, the above-ground junction became easier, the widest (ten-band) bridge in the world was built, but the main thing - the gas acquiredness of all Boston fell by 12%, and the embankment became one of the most popular sites of citizens.
Amfora
The project of the underground city near Amsterdam channels is only developing, but this is perhaps one of the most global initiatives of the city over the past decades. Officials want to unload the historical center by sending all traffic and parking underground. Amfora is a multi-level complex of 60 kilometers of underground highways, metro and public spaces. Designers are offered to build directly under Amsterdam shopping centers, cinema halls, sports complexes, galleries and parking and by returning to Amsterdam his historical appearance, which is lost every year.
The main highways will be held under the channels that occupy a significant part of the entire center. There are not only museums and administrative buildings, but also many residential buildings. At home and on the water, so that if we assume that each family has one car, then the problem with parking is extremely acute. At the same time, the movement on each side of the channel is one-sided.
The creators of the project, in which the city will have to invest more than 3 million euros, are confident: an eco-friendly project will reduce the bodies in the city almost to zero. Air filters will be installed on all underground routes, and air conditioning and lighting systems have already been developed for comfortable stay underground.
Cheong Gye Cheon.
CHEONG Gye Cheon building history began about 100 years ago. Then there was a trench for wastewater in Seoul Park in Seoul. Gaecheon ("Open Flow") served as the entire city by the canal through which the water was drunk in the nearest reservoirs. A peculiar drainage system quickly overgrown with slums, it became unpleasant to smell and spoil the look of another small Korean city. After the war with Japan in Seoul, people quit, the townspeople acquired cars, and a high bandwidth took place. The canal fell asleep, and the city began to choke from the exhaust gases and was disfigured even more.
In the late 90s decided to lead the transport infrastructure under the ground. By 2005, invested in the project of 218 million dollars, the Government of South Korea sent all the movement under the ground, several outlets appeared from the sides of the sides, and in the row, they again let the water - this time the pure stream, no lesions. The shores were made, cafes, small galleries, sculpture parks and alleys appeared. The place has become pleasant and popular not only among citizens, but also among tourists.
Helsinki "S Underground Master Plan
Helsinki is the only city in the world that has a clear plan for the development of underground territories, and construction goes systemically and methodically. The "underground plan" began to develop in 1972, and in a few years the first objects were already ready. Thanks to the rocky soil, underground construction can be carried out almost everywhere, including under historical monuments and reservoirs.
Many highways, shopping centers, sports complexes with basketball courts, hockey fields and pools, the largest in the city "Stockmann" and the business centers have already been gone under Earth in the Finnish capital. Between different molts you can move, without leaving outside. In one of the rocks there is also Water Channel Helsinki - a whole automated complex where only 40 people work per million. All this requires the designer engineers due to smelting: it is necessary to think through the lighting and ventilation systems, carefully plan the design of all rooms and the method of their connection with each other. For example, industrial facilities at the last levels have even their cellular operators. In addition to public areas, metro, parking and transport tunnels, the state archive has already been located underground.
Madrid Rio.
The Madrid Rio project became a sign in the career of Mayor Madrid Alberto Ruis Gallardon . In 2003, Gallardon won the election, promising citizens to create a new urban environment capable of helping the development of the economy of the whole country. Then the space of Madrid demanded complete reorganization. The main transport artery of the city, which spoiled and the view, and the air, decided to remove under the ground. About 100 new metro stations, 43 kilometers underground four-road road, park over it and five heights that changed the usual appearance of Madrid, began to build immediately after the elections. The project supported the majority of citizens, although the mayor raised taxes specifically for this construction.
Madrid Rio is the desire of the mayor to fulfill its own "Rule Treas": to provide citizens with the possibility of walking along the Mansanares River, build a large park in the city center and focus on restoring the historical ensemble. At the same time, it was impossible to harm the economic institutions of the city. The solution of these three tasks became an underground road. "Aesthetic values \u200b\u200band economics are two things that are worth developing constantly," says Gallardon. The underground road connecting two end of the city is already functioning, and on the embankments along the river, pines were planted and tied two shores with pedestrian bridges.
Tokyo Station Area.
The first Tokyo metro station, open in 1914, the Japanese government redelled under Earth, and also built a complex of structures from above. By the time the project is approved, the territory around the exit from the subway was in an ugly state: chaotic parking, dirt and lack of recreational zones. All these problems needed to somehow decide.
Exposing a project for a competition to potential performers, officials wanted the place to symbolize the historical past of Japan and the technological future. The contractor has created an underground space, created a multi-level parking, and four high-rise rates rose near the indoor pedestrian gallery among themselves. From the metro station, you can walk to the next tozai, chiyoda and mita right underground, bypassing traffic lights and saving time, or drive by car.
Now the oldest metro station has become the main transport point in a huge city, and the highlights that built right above it turned into the heart of the country's business life.
The editors thanks for the help in creating the material Bureau Ludi Architects
If the subway is so convenient for moving around the city, why not transport loads and correspondence under the ground?
Since 1927, underground postal railway existed for 76 years under London. Built by the UK Post Office, it was used to transport mail between the post offices of the capital.
Photo 1. 
The idea of \u200b\u200ban alternative method of transporting letters and parcels was born in the UK in the second half of the XIX century.
Photo 2. 
Construction was started in 1915. After laying tunnels, started stations. However, in 1917, construction work was suspended in connection with the participation of Great Britain in the First World War. By this time, the system of tunnels and stations was fully prepared, which was used to cover the funds of some London museums.
Photo 3. 
Postmen are loaded mail.
Photo 4. 
In 1925, work in the tunnels resumed, laying paths and installing all the necessary equipment: elevators, postal conveyors, and other things, and in 1927 the line was put into action.
Photo 5. 
The depth of tunnels under the ground is 15-25 meters. Mostly, the line passes along a two-way tunnel with a diameter of 2.75 meters. At the bottom of the tunnel, a pillow and a thirty-bentimeter layer of concrete was laid, on concrete - paths and contact rail.
Photo 6. 
The underground mail train is small. But it's fun in it.
Photo 7. 
In the best times, the line passed 30,000 mail bags (about 45 thousand kilograms) daily, up to 30 compositions worked on the line.
Photo 8. 
Train movement time was 26 minutes from the ultimate to the ultimate one with all stops, with a passage of all intermediate stations with transit - 15 minutes. The creation of a postal metro contributed to the accelerated exchange of mail within the city and unloading of traffic.
Photo 9. 
The underground railway operated from 1927 to 2003.
Photo 10.
The reason for the closure of such an unusual railway was simple: transportation of mail by road on the same route costs, in various data, 3-5 times cheaper.
sources
To organize shoots and transfers blackheads from the slave owner of the south to the north. I operated until the beginning of the civil war in the United States in 1861.
Various routes that were made through the groups of fugitives began on the borders of Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, Georgia, Maryland and led to the northern states, as well as to Canada. The "Underground Railway" had its own organization - on it there were their "conductors" (senior accompanying groups), "Stations" (housing provided by sympathizing for enhancing towards recreation and shelter).
Activists of abolitionist movement, free blacks and mulatters, quackers and baptists accepted the greatest participation in the organization of the "underground railway". For the period from 1830 to 1861, on this path, it was possible to send to the north and give freedom to more than 60 thousand slaves. The most distinguished Levi Coffin, Thomas Garrett, who had an assistance of more than 2,200 who fled to the slaves, and the black woman Harreet Tabmen, who committed 19 "travels on the road" and freed 300 slaves.
About the title and translation of names into Russian
The world's first real underground railway appeared only in the 1860s, but projects known today as city metro were actively discussed on both sides of the ocean since the 1830s, and, without any doubt, made a big impression on the advanced public, were all on hearing. In addition, at the time of the most active activity of the "subway" of aboliusists, in London, the construction of the first metro was already in full swing - London Underground. Apparently, the echoes of these conversations and gave rise to the black slaves of the South legend that the abolitionists proceeded under the ground the tunnel, in which the rails were laid and let the "trains of freedom", exporting slaves north. It is hardly possible to establish the author of this beautiful myth - whether the abolitionists themselves launched this bike for conspiracy purposes, or they accepted the details of this legend to refer to the details of their network of crosslinks ("Stations", "Conditioners", etc.). Today, speaking about this page of American history of dealing with slavery, it will be more correct to use the accurate translation, The Underground Railroad - "Underground Railway", as the name of the underground organization of abolitionists.
In culture
"Underground Railway" in the Picture of Ch. Webbera
In the literature, the most famous underground road, described by Harreet Becher-Stow in her novel "Uncle Tom Hut", released in 1852. There are the main heroes Mulati Eliza, George and their son Harry decide to flee to Canada, free. Their path begins from the Ohio River (the boundaries between the slave owner Kentucky and free Ohio). Throughout the journey, they stop in the villages, mostly quakers, which despite the law prohibiting the robust in every way, give them shelter and food, and also transport them from the "station" to the station. The path of heroes lay through Ohio to the shores of Lake Erie, from where they were shipped to Canada on the steamer. Already in Canada there were people ready to help in adaptation of blacks.
The English term underground fully complies with the meaning of the Russian word "underground", today they designate any hidden, secret, illegal phenomenon. The underground is sometimes called resistance movement during World War II.
Underground Railway Harriet Tabmen Mentioned in the cartoon Griffin in the episode Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater.
In the book "Percy Jackson and the Death Maze" Rick Riordan mentions Harriet Tabmen as a daughter of the Hermesman's God for its contribution to the work of the Underground Railway.
Also, the work of the underground railway is described in the story of Konstantin Sergienko "Take away us, Pegasus!" Her main characters, white teenagers help run to the north of slaves, whom the owner prepared for sale.
see also
Notes
Literature
- Foster W. "Negritansky people in the history of America", M., 1955
- Still W. "The Unterground Railroad", Phil., 1879
- Siebert W.H. "The Unterground Railroad", N.Y. 1898.
- Preston E.d. "Genesis of the Unterground Railroad" (J. Of Negro History, 1933, Vol.18).
Underground railway (eng. The Underground Railroad) - the designation of the secret system, used in the United States to organize shoots and transfers blackheads from the slave owner of the south to the north. I operated until the beginning of the civil war in the United States in 1861.
Various routes that were made through the groups of fugitives began on the borders of Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, Georgia, Maryland and led to the northern states, as well as to Canada. The "Underground Railway" had its own organization - on it there were their "conductors" (senior accompanying groups), "Stations" (housing provided by sympathizing for enhancing towards recreation and shelter).
Activists of abolitionist movement, free blacks and mulatters, quackers and baptists accepted the greatest participation in the organization of the Underground Railway. For the period from 1830 to 1861, on this path, it was possible to send to the north and give freedom to more than 60 thousand slaves. Thomas Garrett's most distinguished themselves, helped to flee more than 2,200 slaves, and the black woman Harreet Tabmen, who committed 19 "travels on the road" and freed 300 slaves.
Literature
- Foster W. "Negritansky people in the history of America", M., 1955
- Still W. "The Unterground Railroad", Phil., 1879
- Siebert W.H. "The Unterground Railroad", N.Y. 1898.
- Preston E.d. "Genesis of the Unterground Railroad" (J. Of Negro History, 1933, Vol.18).
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- Underground Boat (Values)
Watch what is "Underground Railway" in other dictionaries:
Underground railway - ("The Secret Railway", more precisely, the "underground railway", underground railroad) The name of the secret system of organizing the shoots of blacks of slaves from the southern slave ownership States to the North, existed to the Civil War (see Civil ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Underground railway - (Secret Railway) Name of the Secret System of Organization of Escapes of Negro Rabov from the southern slave owner States to the north. In the 30 60 E GG. 19th century With it, OK was released. 60 thousand slaves ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Underground railway - (Underground Railroad), a secret orgement to the United States to assist the slaves who fled from the south, during the preceding the Belarusian War in the United States. Although p.j.d. Could help only a small number of slaves (approx. 1 thousand per year after 1850), she fifth ... ... The World History
Underground railway - ("Underground Railway") The Secret Railway, the name of the secret system of organizing elaborates of Negro slaves from the southern slave owners of the United States; existed to the Civil War 1861 65. "P. g. d. " had "stations" (houses of citizens, ... ...
"Underground Railway" - ("Secret Railway"), the name of the secret system for organizing elaborate shoots slaves from the southern slave owner States to the North. In the 30 60 E GG. XIX century With its help, about 60 thousand slaves were liberated ... encyclopedic Dictionary
"Underground Railway" - The name adopted for the designation of the secret system of the shoots of the shoots of blacks of slaves from South Rablovnel. US states; existed to the chase. Wars 1861 65. P. g. D. had a station (houses of citizens who sympathized with fugitives, where they stayed in ... ...
Railway or tram on cable car - Railway, or a tram on a cable rod, (established Russian term does not exist, the title of the article is chosen by analogy with the English Cable Car "Cable Car") Type of rail transport close to the funicular ... Wikipedia
Secret Railway - ("Secret Railway",) The name of the secret system of organizing elaborates of slaves from southern slave owner; The name "Underground Railway" is more common ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
"Mystery Railway" - See Underground Railway ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
Urban railway - Request "Stadtbahn" is redirected here; See also other values. This article lacks references to sources of information. Information must be checked, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can ... Wikipedia
Books
- Amazing trains, Graham Yen. About the book Who invented the first steam locomotive? What does diesel locomotive work on? How does electricity get into the electric train? Where is the longest railway in the world? Why Shanghai Express is capable ...
You will not believe, but under the whole of Europe, thousands of kilometers of underground tunnels stretch, which can be reached not only in various cities, but even countries. Archaeologists called these Tunnels Erdstall, lost in the speculation about who and why managed to turn such a lot of work.
Housing underground creatures
Interestingly, the size of the tunnels is little suitable for a person. The height of the majority ranges from one to one and a half meters, and the width does not exceed 60 centimeters. Even a thin short. Could not overcome and a couple of kilometers of such a path, and after all the tunnels stretch to a much larger length.
Suddenly opened dedicated to the tunnels Scientific labor has released a German archaeologist and doctor of science Henrich Kushch. His book "Secrets of the underground door in the ancient world" made the effect of a broken bomb in the scientific community. What is there, the German was initially submitted by real injury: it is difficult to believe in the existence of some secret underground tunnels there, which no one ever heard.
Primitive secrets
However, they will not argue with the facts: the tunnels were discovered and partly investigated by independent expert teams. Radio carbon analysis showed that the first underground roads appeared even during neolith, that is, about 5,000 years ago. The most "fresh" tunnels are held under the Czech Republic and are presumably leading to Austria - they were already built in the Epoch of the Middle Ages.
Land Goblins
What is the most amazing, anthropological study showed the full awareness of the rural residents of Germany about these tunnels. Moreover, in common, they call Schrazelloch, "Helf Hoblins." Did you build an unknown science underground people? It sounds ridiculous, but it is quite real.
Under the cross
During the study, it suddenly turned out that very many European churches and monasteries are built directly at the entrances to the catacombs. It is unlikely that it can be called an accident. Most likely, the servants of the church were well aware of the strange underground paths.
