What is a memory module in a laptop. Laptop memory: types of memory and ways to increase

Good day, everyone. Today we will talk about how to choose RAM.

This next note owes its appearance to our esteemed readers, because it was from them (ie, you) that the bell came that I want to see everything and more from the category of "heavy artillery", that is. Well, since we, a project that can not only write, but also read in places (in particular, your comments :-)), in fact, here's another iron article about the "brains" of your PC, namely, RAM ...

As I said, initially it was a whole article, which was divided into two. You can find the first part, which talks about RAM in general (that is, the principles of operation, why it is needed and so on).

In the introduction I would also like to say that this creation will take its place of honor in our "iron pantheon" of articles. Whoever has forgotten (or even hears it for the first time, ie hello new ones ;-)) what was discussed there, I remind you - the materials tell you what to look for when buying individual "spare parts" for your computer. Some of these works of art include: β€œIntel or AMD. Problems of choice "," How to choose the right fan (cooler) for the processor "," "and all that different from the tag" Selection criteria ".

I dare not detain you any longer, let's start ..

Basic input on characteristics and not only

How to choose the right RAM so that the performance of the PC increases and it quickly processes those applications / games that I could not even have thought of before? I think this question is being asked by a huge number of users of our (and not only) vast country.

And they do it right, that they are asked, because only at first glance it can be said that everything is simple and understandable, but there are a lot of subtleties that we will now tell you about.

So, the first thing to keep in mind (before buying) - the choice of the "correct" memory is the key to the success of further overclocking your iron friend and to some extent allows you to avoid unnecessary material injections into the newly released piece of iron.

Those. memory (for example, "overclocking"), allows you to keep the user's PC in a "vigorous" mood for quite a long time, due to the overclocking potential provided by the manufacturer.

It was not in vain that we said above that RAM and cache are used by the processor for data processing (and through the motherboard it consumes RAM resources). It is not in vain, because it is impossible to select a separate RAM from the same processor or motherboard (because they are interconnected).

When describing the characteristics of the motherboard, we refer to the processor, when considering the RAM, we also take into account the characteristics of the above elements, since they are the main "thinking" part of the computer. The operational interconnection of these components allows your iron assistant to quickly carry out the necessary operations.

Therefore, the choice of memory must be approached on the basis of these considerations of interconnection, otherwise it turns out that you have acquired a "cool" memory, and the motherboard does not support it and then lie to her dear and wait for your "finest hour" :).

To find out which processor your motherboard supports, as well as which memory module is needed for it, you need:

  • refer to the site of the board manufacturer
  • find, by alphanumeric marking, your model (for example, manufacturer Gigabyte GA-P55A-UD4P)
  • study the manual for supported processors and a list of recommended memory modules (i.e. those manufacturers and models that are 100% compatible with your board).

To clear up all the questions, I will give you a concrete example (no need, don't thank me :-)).

We go to the manufacturer's website (1) and look for a motherboard model by marking, for simplicity we drive the data into the search (2).

Note
Marking (motherboard model / manufacturer), for example, can be found through the DirectX diagnostic tool (called by the command line key combination "Win + R" and entering dxdiag, then we remember the lines - the manufacturer and model of the PC).

Click on the links "Supported processors" (1) and "List of recommended memory modules" (2). For memory, download this list (in pdf format) by clicking on the appropriate link.

Determine the type of processor (1) (let's say Core i5-760) and the memory model (2) (let's say Kingston KHX1600C9D3K2 / 4G).

That's all, nothing complicated!

Now we know that our motherboard and processor will not conflict with this memory, and with the combination of these three components, we can squeeze out the cherished 10-15% increase in overall computer performance and avoid, say, terrible and terrible ones.

Now let's go directly to the technical parameters themselves.

Memory type

First of all, you need to decide on the type of memory. At the time of this writing, the market is dominated by third-generation DDR (double-data-rate) memory modules, or DDR3. DDR3 memory has higher clock speeds (up to 2400 megahertz), power consumption reduced by about 30-40% (compared to DDR2) and, accordingly, less heat dissipation.

However, until now, you can find DDR2 memory and outdated (and therefore terribly expensive in places) DDR1. All these three types are completely incompatible with each other both in electrical parameters (DDR3 has less voltage) and physical (see image).

This is done so that even if you made the wrong choice, you would not be able to insert an incompatible memory bar (although some are very diligent, and therefore it happens .. uh .. boom! :)).

Note
It is worth mentioning the new type of DDR4 memory, which differs from the previous generations in higher frequency characteristics and lower voltage. It supports frequencies from 2133 to 4266 MHz and is expected to go into mass production in mid-2012. Also, do not confuse RAM (the mentioned DDR) with video memory (namely GDDR). The latter (of the GDDR 5 type) has high frequencies, reaching 5 GHz, but so far they are used only in video cards.

Form factor

When choosing, always pay attention to the form factor - the standard that specifies the overall dimensions of the device or, in simpler terms, the type of construction of the bar itself.

DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module, means that the contacts are located on both sides) - for desktop PCs, and SO-DIMM - for laptops (recently, laptop memory can be found in monoblocs or compact multimedia PCs).

As you can see in the picture above, they are of different sizes, so it is difficult to miss.

Bus frequency and bandwidth

The main parameters of the RAM that characterize its performance are the bus frequency and data transfer rate.

The frequency characterizes the potential of the memory bus for data transfer per unit of time, respectively, the higher it is, the more data can be transferred. The bus frequency and bandwidth depend in direct proportion to each other (for example, the memory has a 1333 MHz bus, which means theoretically it will have a bandwidth of 10600 MB / s, and the module itself will be written DDR3 1333 (PC-10600)).

The frequency is indicated as "DDR2 (3) -xxxx" or "PC2 (3) -yyyy". In the first case, "xxxx" indicates the effective memory frequency, and in the second, "yyyy" indicates the peak bandwidth. To avoid confusion, look at the table (it contains the most popular standards: DDR (1), DDR2 (2), DDR3 (3)).

Which frequency should you choose?

As mentioned above, you need to build on the capabilities that your system provides. We recommend that the frequency matches the frequency supported by the motherboard / processor.

For example, you plugged a DDR3-1800 module into a slot (connector) that supports a maximum of DDR3-1600, as a result the module will operate at the frequency of the slot, i.e. 1600 MHz, not using its resource in full, while failures and errors in the system are also likely. I must say that now the most common and recommended for purchase are DDR3 modules with a clock frequency of 1333 and 1600 MHz.

For a comprehensive assessment of the capabilities of the RAM, the term memory bandwidth is used. It takes into account the frequency at which data is transmitted, the width of the bus and the number of memory channels (this is a rather important parameter of the OP's performance).

Memory modes

In modern computers, motherboards support special modes of operation of RAM. It is in these modes that the speed of its operation will be the most efficient, therefore, to achieve the best performance, one should take into account the modes of operation of memory modules and their correct installation.

What is memory mode? - this is similar to the operation of multiple CPU cores, i.e. theoretically, the speed of the memory subsystem in dual-channel mode increases 2 times, in three-channel mode - 3 times, respectively, etc.

Let's take a closer look at the types of modes:

  • Single chanell mode (single-channel or asymmetric) - this mode is enabled when only one memory module is installed in the system or all modules differ from each other in terms of memory size, operating frequency, or manufacturer. It doesn't matter in which slots and memory to install. All memory will run at the speed of the slowest memory installed.
  • Dual Mode (two-channel or symmetric) - the same amount of RAM is installed in each channel (and theoretically doubles the maximum data transfer rate). To enable dual-channel mode, memory modules are installed in pairs in slots 1 and 3 and / or 2 and 4.
  • Triple Mode (three-channel) - the same amount of RAM is installed in each of the three channels. Modules are selected for speed and volume.
    To enable this mode, modules must be installed in slots 1, 3 and 5 / or 2, 4 and 6 slots. In practice, by the way, this mode is not always more productive than the two-channel mode, and sometimes even loses to it in data transfer rate.
  • Flex Mode (flexible) - allows you to increase the performance of the RAM when installing two modules of different sizes, but the same frequency. As in the dual-channel mode, memory cards are installed in slots of the same name on different channels.

Usually the most common option is dual channel memory.

Note
There are motherboards on sale that support four-channel memory operation, which, in theory, will give you maximum performance. In general, for the efficient organization of memory operation, it is necessary to install an even number of memory modules (2 or 4), and in pairs they must be of the same size and preferably from the same batch (or the same manufacturer).

Does memory size or size matter?

Another important parameter, about which they say that the more, the better, is volume. I note right away that although this is an essential characteristic, it is often credited with almost all the laurels in the difficult task of increasing PC performance, which is not always true, but it does take place.

I wrote a few words about large amounts of memory in the post "".

For those who are too lazy to read the note itself, I will simply say that, as for me, volumes from 6 GB are reasonable, especially in cases of a weak disk subsystem (since memory is now worth a penny). And the groundwork for the future will be good, because, as practice shows, programs and operating systems are starting to consume more and more memory.

Timings

In it, in addition to the fact that you can find out general information about memory (Memory tab), you can also see (SPD tab) whether your "baby" is capable of overclocking, ie. whether she is friendly with the XMP or EPP profile.

Cooling

Most of the elements in the process of PC operation are rather "pretty" warm and the memory is no exception (I won't say that you can fry eggs on it, like on a video card, but it is quite possible to burn yourself :)). To remove heat from microcircuits, manufacturers equip their dies with special metal plates / radiators, cooling shrouds. In high-speed models (pre-designed for overclocking), sometimes it comes to a full-fledged separate cooling system (with a large number of all kinds of pipes and elements, as in the image).

Therefore, if you are planning, shall we say, to "heavily load" your RAM and also engage in (in the future) overclocking, think about a normal cooling system. Globally, even for an ordinary user, I recommend buying memory in at least some kind of radiators.

ECC Error Correction

Modules with such markings have on board a special controller designed to detect and correct various memory errors. In theory, such a system should increase the stability of the RAM. In practice, the difference in performance between "regular" and more expensive ECC-memory is almost imperceptible. Therefore, there is no particular point in purchasing such modules on purpose. In addition, the use of ECC in memory modules can reduce the speed of its operation by 2-10%.

Actually, we finished with the parameters, but the most delicious remained as always for dessert! Well, we begin to absorb it :).

Correct memory installation after selection and purchase

It would seem that there is nothing to tell about the correct installation of the OP (it seems like everything is simple - stuck in, pressed and order), but this is not entirely true and now we will study this issue with all seriousness :).

So (before installing), remember the basic rules:

  • be careful
  • carry out all work with the computer completely disconnected from the mains, with dry hands
  • do not use too much effort - memory modules are very fragile!
  • place the system unit on a solid and stable surface.

Let's move on to the process itself.

Step 1.
First of all, open the side cover of the system unit (for a standard vertical case, this is the left cover when you look at the system unit from the front). Locate the motherboard inside the box - the largest board located directly in front of you. On this board you will see a block of connectors for installing RAM modules.

Note
The number of OP slots is usually 2-6 connectors for most motherboards used in home computers. Before installing, pay attention to the video card - it may interfere with the installation of RAM. If it interferes, then temporarily dismantle it.

Step 2.
On the free slot selected for installing the RAM, unfasten the special latches on the edges.

Carefully remove the new brains (do not bend them, take them carefully but firmly by the edges) from the antistatic packaging.

Note
Inside each connector there are small jumper keys, and on the contact part of the memory modules there are corresponding cutouts. Their mutual combination excludes incorrect installation of memory or installation of modules of a different type. Each type has a different location and number of slots, and, consequently, keys on the motherboard connectors (we already mentioned this when we talked about memory types).

Step 3.
Align the notch in the memory with the key in the slot on the motherboard (as shown in the image).

If you cannot match the keys on the memory strip and on the motherboard connector, then most likely you bought the wrong type of memory. Check everything again, it is better to return the purchase to the store and exchange it for the desired type of memory.

Step 4.
Insert the DIMM into the slot by pushing down on the top edge.

Step 5.
Press down gently until the module is fully seated in the slot and the retention tabs along the edges of the slot snap into place.

Step 6.
Make sure the retaining clips are in place and closed completely.

That's it, the memory is installed correctly! Replace the case cover and reconnect the computer to an electrical outlet. After installing new RAM, be sure to test it with special utilities to identify errors.

It is worth saying a few words about the modes of operation of the RAM.

Motherboards allow memory to work in n-channel (two / three / four) modes. For this, slots are distinguished by color and divided into pairs.

For example, in order to use the two-channel mode of operation of the OP, it is necessary that the modules (of the same frequency / volume) be inserted into the connectors of the same name (in the same color, 1 and 3) from different channels (see image).

This procedure allows you to achieve a performance increase of 5-10% (in comparison with the single-channel mode).

Everybody is here!

By following these installation instructions, you will not only easily install the memory (even if you have never done it before) in the "right" place, but also get the maximum performance out of it.

User's Choice Memo

Since we got a lot of information, let's highlight the main points that you need to learn:

  • Check in advance the type of memory supported (recommended) by the manufacturer
  • Install memory modules with the same timings / volume / frequency and from the same manufacturer. Ideally, purchase a kit - these are two modules with the same characteristics from the same manufacturer, already tested in collaboration
  • RAM bus bandwidth must match the processor bus bandwidth
  • To achieve the best performance, consider the modes of operation of the modules and their correct installation
  • Look for memory with minimum standard timings (less -\u003e better)
  • Choose the amount of memory based on the tasks solved by the PC and the type of operating system
  • Choose well-known (proven) manufacturers, for example: OCZ, Kingston, Corsair, etc.
  • The overclocking potential of the memory directly depends on the chips on which it is produced. Therefore, make sure that the memory was made by a well-known manufacturer, then it is most likely that the chips will provide more reliable power supply, will have greater noise immunity, which will have a beneficial effect on the memory operation in abnormal modes.
  • If you plan to overclock the system or want to get maximum performance (for example, build a gaming PC), then you should pay attention to a special overclocking memory with enhanced cooling.

Based on this information, you will be able to choose the right memory module wisely, which will make sure that the birthmark keeps (and does not drop) a high performance bar for a long time.

I would also like to say that if you hope that somewhere between the lines we will say a few more words about overclocking, then do not hope (:)), because a separate (even more delicious) article will be devoted to this issue, which will contain all the subtleties of overclocking. and "squeeze" the maximum out of my "brains". However, this is a completely different story.

Where is the best place to buy RAM?

Days to change the product without any questions, and in case of warranty problems, the store will take your side and help you solve any problems. The author of the site has been using it for at least 10 years (since the days when they were part of Ultra Electoronics), which he advises you;

  • , is one of the oldest stores on the market, as the company has existed for about 20 years. Decent selection, average prices and one of the most user-friendly sites. Overall a pleasure to work with.

    • The choice is traditionally yours. Of course, nobody canceled Yandex.Market's all sorts of things, but from good stores I would recommend just these, and not some MVideo and other large networks (which are often not just expensive, but flawed in terms of quality of service, guarantee work etc.).

    Afterword

    I hope that this material will take its rightful place on the shelf with the luggage of your "iron knowledge" and more than once (but two or even three :)) will help with advice in the difficult matter of buying a "thinking filling" for a computer fellow.

    Stay tuned to our IT wave and you will learn a lot more interesting things. As always, if you have something to say, the comments are patiently waiting for their turn.

    PS: In addition to dancing with tambourines over the RAM in order to increase the performance of the computer, you can use another very good tool - the swap file. You can learn how to create / configure it correctly from the note located at.

    PS 2: Thanks to team member 25 FRAME for the existence of this article

    Now, having learned what it is and what and how it serves, many of you are probably thinking about purchasing a more powerful and productive RAM for your computer. After all, increasing the performance of a computer with the help of additional memory RAM is the simplest and cheapest (as opposed to, for example, a video card) method of upgrading your pet.

    And ... Here you are standing at a display case with packages of RAM. There are many of them and they are all different. Questions arise: What kind of RAM should you choose?How to choose the right RAM and not miscalculate?What if I buy a RAM, and then it won't work? These are reasonable questions. In this article I will try to answer all these questions. As you already understood, this article will take its rightful place in a series of articles in which I wrote about how to choose the right individual components of a computer i.e. iron. If you haven't forgotten, it included articles:
    β€”
    β€”
    β€”
    This cycle will be continued further, and at the end you will be able to assemble for yourself a super computer perfect in every sense πŸ™‚ (if, of course, finances allow :))
    Until then learning to choose the right memory for your computer.
    Go!

    Random access memory and its main characteristics.

    When choosing RAM for your computer, you must definitely build on your motherboard and processor, because RAM modules are installed on the motherboard and it also supports certain types of RAM. Thus, the relationship between the motherboard, processor and RAM is obtained.

    Learn about what kind of RAM does your motherboard and processor support? can be found on the manufacturer's website, where you need to find the model of your motherboard, as well as find out what processors and RAM for them it supports. If you don't, it turns out that you bought a super modern RAM, but it is not compatible with your motherboard and will gather dust somewhere in your closet. Now let's go directly to the main technical characteristics of RAM, which will serve as a kind of criteria when choosing RAM. These include:

    Here I have listed the main characteristics of RAM, which you should pay attention to first of all when buying it. Now we will open each of them in turn.

    RAM type.

    Today in the world the most preferred type of memory is memory modules DDR(double data rate). They differ in release time and, of course, in technical parameters.

    • DDR or DDR SDRAM (translated from English. Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory - synchronous dynamic memory with random access and double data rate). Modules of this type have 184 contacts on the bar, are powered by a voltage of 2.5 V and have a clock frequency of up to 400 megahertz. This type of RAM is already morally outdated and is used only in old motherboards.
    • DDR2 Is a widespread type of memory at this time. Has 240 pins on the printed circuit board (120 on each side). Consumption, unlike DDR1, is reduced to 1.8 V. The clock frequency ranges from 400 MHz to 800 MHz.
    • DDR3 - the leader in productivity at the time of this writing. It is not less widespread than DDR2 and consumes 30-40% less voltage than its predecessor (1.5 V). Has a clock frequency of up to 1800 MHz.
    • DDR4 - a new, super modern type of RAM, which is ahead of its counterparts both in performance (clock frequency) and voltage consumption (which means it has less heat). Support for frequencies from 2133 to 4266 MHz is announced. At the moment, these modules have not yet entered mass production (they promise to release them into mass production in mid-2012). Officially, fourth-generation modules operating in DDR4-2133 at a voltage of 1.2 V were presented at CES, by Samsung on January 04, 2011.

    The amount of RAM.

    I will not write much about the amount of memory. Let me just say that it is in this case that size matters πŸ™‚
    A few years ago, 256-512 MB of RAM satisfied all the needs of even cool gaming computers. At present, only the windows 7 operating system requires 1 GB of memory for normal functioning, not to mention applications and games. There will never be extra RAM, but I'll tell you a secret that 32-bit windows uses only 3.25 GB of RAM, even if you install all 8 GB of RAM. You can read more about this.

    The dimensions of the strips or the so-called Form factor.

    Form - factor - these are the standard sizes of RAM modules, the type of construction of the RAM strips themselves.
    DIMM (Dual InLine Memory Module is a double-sided type of modules with contacts on both sides) - mainly designed for desktop stationary computers, and SO-DIMM used in laptops.

    Clock frequency.

    This is a pretty important technical parameter of RAM. But the motherboard also has a clock frequency and it is important to know the operating frequency of the bus of this board, since if you bought, for example, a RAM module DDR3-1800, and the slot (connector) of the motherboard supports the maximum clock frequency DDR3-1600, then the RAM module as a result will operate at a clock frequency of 1600 MHz... In this case, all sorts of failures, errors in the operation of the system, etc., are possible.

    Note: Memory bus frequency and processor frequency are completely different concepts.

    From the above tables it can be understood that the bus frequency multiplied by 2 gives the effective memory frequency (indicated in the "chip" column), i.e. gives us the baud rate. The name tells us the same. DDR (Double Data Rate) - which means double data transfer rate.
    For clarity, I will give an example of decoding in the name of the RAM module - Kingston / PC2-9600 / DDR3 (DIMM) / 2Gb / 1200MHzwhere:
    - Kingston - manufacturer;
    - PC2-9600 - the name of the module and its bandwidth;
    - DDR3 (DIMM) - type of memory (form factor in which the module is made);
    - 2Gb - module volume;
    - 1200MHz - effective frequency, 1200 MHz.

    Bandwidth.

    Bandwidth Is a memory characteristic that affects system performance. It is expressed as the product of the system bus frequency by the amount of data transmitted per cycle. Bandwidth (peak data rate) is a complex measure of capability RAM, it takes into account data transmission frequency, bus width and the number of memory channels. Frequency indicates the potential of the memory bus per clock cycle - higher frequencies can transfer more data.
    The peak is calculated using the formula: B \u003d f * cwhere:
    B - bandwidth, f - transmission frequency, c - bus width. If you use two channels for data transmission, we multiply everything received by 2. To get a figure in bytes / s, you need to divide the result by 8 (since 1 byte contains 8 bits).
    For better performance rAM bus bandwidth and processor bus bandwidth must match. For example, for an Intel core 2 duo E6850 processor with a 1333 MHz system bus and a bandwidth of 10600 Mb / s, you can install two modules with a bandwidth of 5300 Mb / s each (PC2-5300), in total they will have the system bus bandwidth (FSB) equal to 10600 Mb / s.
    Bus frequency and bandwidth are designated as follows: " DDR2-XXXX"And" PC2-YYYY". Here "XXXX" stands for the effective memory frequency and "YYYY" for the peak bandwidth.

    Timings (latency).

    Timings (or latency) Are the time delays of the signal, which, in the technical characteristics of the RAM, are written as β€œ 2-2-2 " or " 3-3-3 " etc. Each digit here represents a parameter. In order it is always β€œ CAS Latency"(Working cycle time)," RAS to CAS Delay"(Full access time) and" RAS Precharge Time"(Pre-charge time).

    Note

    So that you can better understand the concept of timings, imagine a book, it will be our RAM, to which we refer. Information (data) in a book (RAM) is divided into chapters, and chapters consist of pages, which, in turn, contain tables with cells (such as in Excel tables). Each cell with data on the page has its own coordinates vertically (columns) and horizontally (rows). The RAS (Raw Address Strobe) signal is used to select a row, and the CAS (Column Address Strobe) signal is used to read a word (data) from the selected row (i.e., to select a column). The full reading cycle begins with the opening of the "page" and ends with its closing and recharging, because otherwise the cells will be discharged and the data will disappear. Here is the algorithm for reading data from memory:

    1. the selected "page" is activated by the RAS signal;
    2. data from the selected line on the page is transmitted to the amplifier, and the data transfer requires a delay (called RAS-to-CAS);
    3. a CAS signal is given to select (column) a word from this row;
    4. data is transferred to the bus (from where it goes to the memory controller), while there is also a delay (CAS Latency);
    5. the next word goes without delay, since it is contained in the prepared line;
    6. after the call to the row is completed, the page is closed, the data is returned to the cells and the page is reloaded (the delay is called RAS Precharge).

    Each digit in the designation indicates how many bus clock cycles the signal will be delayed. Timings are measured in nano seconds. The numbers can range from 2 to 9. But sometimes a fourth is added to these three parameters (for example: 2-3-3-8), called β€œ DRAM Cycle Time Tras / Trc”(Characterizes the speed of the entire memory chip as a whole).
    It happens that sometimes a cunning manufacturer indicates only one value in the characteristics of the RAM, for example, β€œ CL2"(CAS Latency), the first timing is equal to two clock cycles. But the first parameter does not have to be equal to all timings, and maybe less than others, so keep this in mind and do not fall for the manufacturer's marketing ploy.
    An example for clarity of the effect of timings on performance: a system with 100 MHz memory with 2-2-2 timings has about the same performance as the same system at 112 MHz, but with 3-3-3 delays. In other words, depending on latency, the difference in performance can be up to 10%.
    So, when choosing, it is better to buy memory with the smallest timings, and if you want to add a module to the already installed one, then the timings of the purchased memory must match the timings of the installed memory.

    Memory operation modes.

    The RAM can work in several modes, if, of course, such modes are supported by the motherboard. it single-channel, two-channel, three-channel and even four-channel modes. Therefore, when choosing RAM, you should pay attention to this parameter of modules.
    Theoretically, the speed of the memory subsystem in the dual-channel mode increases by 2 times, in the three-channel mode - 3 times, respectively, etc., but in practice, in the dual-channel mode, the performance gain, in contrast to the single-channel mode, is 10-70%.
    Let's take a closer look at the types of modes:

    • Single chanell mode (single-channel or asymmetric) - this mode is enabled when only one memory module is installed in the system or all modules differ from each other in terms of memory size, operating frequency, or manufacturer. It doesn't matter in which slots and memory to install. All memory will run at the speed of the slowest memory installed.
    • Dual Mode (dual-channel or symmetric) - the same amount of RAM is installed in each channel (and theoretically, the maximum data transfer rate doubles). In dual-channel mode, memory modules work in pairs, 1st with 3rd and 2nd with 4th.
    • Triple Mode (three-channel) - the same amount of RAM is installed in each of the three channels. Modules are selected for speed and volume. To enable this mode, modules must be installed in slots 1, 3 and 5 / or 2, 4 and 6 slots. In practice, by the way, this mode is not always more productive than the two-channel mode, and sometimes even loses to it in the data transfer rate.
    • Flex Mode (flexible) - allows you to increase the performance of the RAM when installing two modules of different sizes, but the same operating frequency. As in the dual-channel mode, memory cards are installed in slots of the same name on different channels.

    Usually the most common option is dual channel memory.
    To work in multichannel modes, there are special sets of memory modules - the so-called Kit memory (Kit-set) - this kit includes two (three) modules, of the same manufacturer, with the same frequency, timings and memory type.
    Appearance of KIT-kits:
    for two-channel mode

    for three-channel mode

    But the most important thing is that such modules are carefully selected and tested, by the manufacturer itself, to work in pairs (triplets) in two- (three-) channel modes and do not imply any surprises in operation and setup.

    Module manufacturer.

    Now on the market RAM manufacturers such as: Hynix, amsung, Corsair, Kingmax, Transcend, Kingston, OCZ…
    Each company has its own for each product marking number, according to which, if you decode it correctly, you can find out a lot of useful information about the product. For example, let's try to decipher the labeling of the module Kingston families ValueRAM (see image):

    Decoding:

    • KVR - Kingston ValueRAM i.e. manufacturer
    • 1066/1333 - working / effective frequency (Mhz)
    • D3 - memory type (DDR3)
    • D (Dual) - rank / rank... A dual-rank module is two logical modules soldered on the same physical channel and alternately using the same physical channel (needed to achieve the maximum amount of RAM with a limited number of slots)
    • 4 - 4 DRAM memory chips
    • R - Registered, indicates stable operation without failures and errors for as long as possible a continuous period of time
    • 7 - signal delay (CAS \u003d 7)
    • S - thermal sensor on the module
    • K2 - a set (kit) of two modules
    • 4G - the total volume of the whale (both planks) is 4 GB.

    I will give another example of marking CM2X1024-6400C5:
    The marking shows that it is dDR2 module volume 1024 MB standard PC2-6400 and delays CL \u003d 5.
    Stamps OCZ, Kingston and Corsair recommended for overclocking, i.e. have overclocking potential. They will have small timings and a clock frequency reserve, plus they are equipped with heatsinks, and some even coolers for heat dissipation. during acceleration, the amount of heat increases significantly. The price for them will naturally be much higher.
    I advise you not to forget about fakes (there are a lot of them on the shelves) and buy RAM modules only in serious stores that will give you a guarantee.

    Finally:
    That's all. With the help of this article, I think you can no longer make a mistake when choosing RAM for your computer. Now you can choose the right RAM for the system and increase its performance without any problems. Well, for those who buy RAM (or have already bought it), I will devote the following article, in which I will describe in detail how to properly install RAM into the system. Do not miss…

    Best RAM 2019

    Corsair Dominator Platinum

    The best memory among classmates with high performance and innovation in RGB technology. DDR4 standard, speed 3200MHz, default timings 16.18.18.36, two modules of 16 gigabytes. The strips feature bright Capellix RGB LEDs, an advanced iCUE program, and Dominator DHX heatsinks. The only problem is that the height of the module may not be suitable.

    Corsair, as always, surpasses itself with every new model, the Dominator Platinum is no exception. Today it is the favorite DDR4 memory set for gamers and powerful workstation owners. The appearance of the modules is sleek and stylish, appealing to gaming enthusiasts, DHX cooling works efficiently, and the performance of the planks is already ready to become a legend. In any case, it will provide the user with flagship parameters for many years to come. The memory now has a new design, a new, brighter 12 LED Corsair Capellix backlight. The (proprietary) iCUE software provides flexible memory tuning for maximum performance. If you have changed the motherboard or processor, or maybe a graphics accelerator, memory can be configured as native for any new component.

    The memory price tag is slightly higher than that of other manufacturers, but this is compensated by the highest quality and amazing performance.

    In continuation of the previous article on choosing a laptop, I want to write another voluminous material that will include all the detailed characteristics. I will refer to the question how to choose RAM for a computer or laptop is serious enough and I will provide as much information as possible.

    Let's start with the fact that it is ultra-fast memory, second only in speed to the processor, nevertheless, it is very important for everyday needs. Any computer, laptop and even a mobile device cannot work without RAM. If you have had problems with your computer and you blame the lack of RAM for this, then let's see how to choose RAM.

    I wrote an article for a long time. There I described some information that you need to know before choosing RAM.

    Content

    The importance of choosing the size and firm of RAM

    You need to know exactly how much RAM your computer or laptop needs. Now they all have at least 4 GB, which is enough for normal office work. There should not be less than 4, since some will be spent on the needs of the system, as well as on some programs, so the free amount of memory will not be enough. Imagine launching a text editor like Word and Photoshop to boot. There won't be enough memory for this.

    If you watch movies, work hard on the Internet, you always have a browser and a few programs open, and also play weak games, then you need to have more than 4 GB, I think 6 GB will be enough, and 8 GB is better.

    If you often play demanding games, or edit video, then you will obviously need 8 GB or more. The most optimal is 16 GB. A larger volume, I think, will already be extra memory, although depending on finances, someone can afford a couple of three extra gigabytes.

    It is worth noting that the system also takes some of the memory for normal operation. I spoke about this above, but now in more detail. The system has two main architectures - 32 bits and 64 bits. The first can be referred to as x86. The nuance here is that you cannot. The nuance here is that you you cannot put more than 3 GB on a 32-bit system... If you put, for example, 6 GB, then the system will still show 3 GB and work on it. These are the pies, install a 64-bit OS. Although it is more demanding, it gives much greater opportunities.

    Memory type is an important thing when choosing a RAM

    At the moment, there are practically no DDR1 and DDR2 RAM modules. They are definitely not in stores, but you can stumble upon options in online stores, so you should be careful.

    Modern memory modules are of types. The latter is being released, and DDR3 is already beginning to become obsolete, but it is still afloat. If your computer is not very old, then it hardly supports DDR4, so we are looking for only type 3. In the case of assembling a computer from scratch, or supporting a motherboard and a DDR4 processor, we definitely take this type.

    There is one more type of memory - DDR5, though you shouldn't look at it, as it relates to the graphics component. It is used in AMD and NVDIDA graphics cards.

    Matching memory slots on the motherboard

    The motherboard has special connectors for RAM. Correctly they are called slots. Each memory type from DDR1 to DDR4 has different slots. They look the same, but the difference is in a special section on the modules themselves, which are located differently. You can find out the purpose of a slot for one of the memory types simply by looking at it, everything should be written there. You can also use special programs like AIDA64 and CPU-Z... They show detailed information about all the components of the computer and support for a particular hardware.

    What characteristics of RAM should you look at when choosing

    In fact, you need to look at all the parameters of the RAM module. All of them are very important and we will now consider each of them. This is the most important point that determines what kind of RAM you choose and whether it will work for you at all.

    RAM frequency

    This is what indicates the speed of the RAM. The higher the value, the better, but it should be understood that the motherboard and processor must support a specific frequency. If you have 1333 MHz supported, and you take 1866 MHz, then work will be carried out only at the supported frequency, that is, 1333 MHz, and why overpay then?

    So, we found out that the choice of the required frequency depends on the processor. Older CPUs support DDR3 memory and 1333 MHz. More or less modern processors can already support 1600 MHz. Powerful processors of the latest generations have frequencies from 1333 MHz to 1866 MHz.

    When choosing DDR4 memory, provided that it is supported, you can choose modules with a frequency of 2133 MHz. It is powerful and would be best to have such memory, but both the type and the frequency must be supported by the CPU. You can see this on the official website of Intel or AMD (depending on the manufacturer of your processor), as well as using the same AIDA64 and CPU-Z utilities.

    As I said, the higher the frequency, the better, the RAM is not very expensive today, so you can afford the model that is most supported by your configuration, be it even a computer for office work.

    RAM voltage

    You should pay attention to this parameter only because many mainboards do not know how to set the required voltage for different modules. For example, you took one bar with a voltage of 1.5V, and the other with 1.35V, due to such incompatibility, problems with the operation of the PC may arise.

    If you already have RAM, then with the help of utilities you can see the supported voltage and, when choosing RAM, already focus on a specific value.

    Modern memory types usually have the following voltages:

    • DDR3: 1.5V
    • DDR3L: 1.35V - undervoltage memory
    • DDR4: 1.2V

    As you can see, the later the generation, the less voltage the modules need to operate. For example, the same DDR1 consumed as much as 2.5V. This is no good.


    RAM timings

    I already wrote about this in one of my articles (link at the beginning), but it's worth repeating. When reading and writing processes, delays occur, which are called timings. The lower the value, the lower the latency, although they do not particularly affect the speed of the RAM itself, but they bring an additional advantage.

    On the marking, they can be designated as follows: CL \u003d 9-9-9-24. It is also called latency... In the example shown, the last digit (24) is responsible for the overall speed of the module. Remember, the lower the latency value, the better. Of course, such microcircuits will cost more, but if you go towards high performance for your configuration, then give preference to low timings.


    Operation of RAM at a frequency higher than that supported

    I said at the beginning of the article that if you take a microcircuit with a frequency higher than the processor supports, then it will work, but only at the supported frequency. It turns out that this limitation can sometimes be circumvented, and now I will tell you how.

    There are modules with a frequency of more than 2133 MHz, which of course pleases, but users may feel sad that their processor does not support such values. In order for you to be able to operate at a super-supported frequency, you will need a motherboard supported by the so-called. This is a technology developed by Intel. Allows to use memory chips with a frequency higher than that supported by the processor, although the memory itself must also have XMP support. The essence of this development is that the motherboard increases the frequency of its bus, thereby allowing the RAM to work at maximum.

    AMD, by the way, has a similar technology and it is called AMP (AMD Memory Profile). Motherboards with such support are very expensive and not everyone will allow themselves this.

    If you are interested in this topic, then you should take a motherboard with XMP or AMP only for professional activities, for example, editing or gaming. The assembly will be very expensive, therefore, the average user will not always master this.

    RAM form factor

    According to the characteristics, the RAM modules for a stationary computer and a laptop are no different, but their size is different. It is clear that for a laptop there are shorter microcircuits, they are called SO-DIMM, for ordinary PCs there are long bars, called DIMM... The disadvantage of laptops is that in most cases they only have two slots for RAM, so there is no overclocking in volume.


    Data designation on RAM

    Different modules are labeled differently, depending on the manufacturer and characteristics. I think everyone was holding a bar of RAM in their hands and saw some values. For example, the volume that everyone understands, but there are other names that cause people to question. In another way, all these letters are called "Part Number", now let's look at examples.

    Here is a picture showing the values \u200b\u200bindicating the parameters of the RAM bar.


    • KVR - This abbreviation can be seen on most modules, indicating the manufacturer is Kingston. For example, Transcend would have the designation TS.
    • 1333 Is the frequency of the module. Can also stand 16 which means 1600 MHz, 13 – 1333 MHz and 10 – 1066 MHz.
    • L - the letter indicates low supply voltage. If the DRR3 has 1.5V as standard, then the letter L means a voltage of 1.35V.
    • R - type of module (Registered DIMM), ensuring stable operation without errors and failures.
    • 11 - latency (timings), which we talked about above, is sometimes not indicated.
    • D - dual-rank module allows using more RAM.
    • 8 - the number of memory chips on the DRAM chip, it can be 4.
    • L - module size 18.75 mm in length and 30 mm in height.
    • K2 - the number of modules, in this case two. Can be K3 and K4. Not always indicated.

    I will not describe everything, but just give a screenshot showing exactly what can be on the memory chip. Everything is very intelligible and clear, it was not me who did it, I had to take it from the site: http://genesisua.com/shop_content.php?language\u003dru&coID\u003d210




    Find out memory information using SPD

    Each RAM has an SPD chip, which stores the necessary information about the module itself. It is very easy to extract information from there, you just need to download the CPU-Z program and go to sPD tab... There you will find the type of already installed memory, size, frequency and number of free slots. There will also be information on XMP support and timings.


    Placement of double-sided and single-sided memory chips

    As you can see from the title, there are chips with contacts located only on one side, and there are two-sided ones. There is no difference if you connect different chips on modern motherboards, but as for the old ones, there may be compatibility problems, so you should install only the same modules.

    Cooling for RAM

    If it is important for you that the RAM chips are cooled, then there is an opportunity to take the memory, for example, with a heatsink. As a rule, this is a very powerful memory that can overheat, therefore a radiator is installed in addition. In addition, the computer must have a good cooling system.

    In addition to radiators, an additional cooler or even a double cooler can be included in the kit. This will really achieve good cooling, but this design will take up a lot of space.



    Don't take EEC modules

    There is still such a marking in memory - EEC, which means the presence of a controller that allows you to fix various problems that arise in memory, and we all know that errors can occur even in the RAM. But this is in theory, in practice it does not even give an increase in performance and it is not known exactly how errors are fixed. Memory will be very expensive, and with this EEC will also reduce performance.

    Operating modes of the RAM

    The RAM can work in single-channel, dual-channel, three-channel and even four-channel modes.

    The advantages of two-channel and other modes are that reading / writing occurs in parallel, as opposed to single-channel, where there is a sequential call to each module. So, thanks to the multichannel mode, work speed increases, so it makes sense to take such memory.

    All modern motherboards and memory modules support dual-channel mode, which is sufficient for comfortable work. Higher modes are available only for expensive models.

    It is advisable to take the same modules for the two-channel mode in all characteristics, well, in almost all. Of course, the memory controllers are now already in the processor, and not in the motherboard, as before, so the CPU will independently activate the 2-channel mode, but it is better to choose similar modules, you never know what can happen.

    I also want to say about the choice of one or more memory sticks. For 2-channel mode, you definitely need at least 2, but they will cost more than the same volume, only a single strip. If you are not in a hurry, you can first buy one strip, for example, for 4 GB, and if possible then buy another 4 GB, but preferably a similar one.

    Which manufacturer of RAM to choose

    There are a lot of RAM manufacturers, both well-known brands and not so much. Companies have proven themselves well in the market Corsair and Crucial... The first, of course, will be more expensive. Both have a variety of options from budget to gaming.


    Goodram is also famous for modules with low latency for an affordable price, you can take a look at any online store.

    Now for a budget computer, you can take inexpensive modules from Samsung, Kingston, Transcend and AMD... The disadvantage of them is that you can find a Chinese counterfeit, especially Samsung. I do not advise taking models from other brands that are not listed in this article. You can suggest your own variant in the comments, which you have successfully tested.

    Find out the maximum memory size

    Read about this in the article about. Any program such as AIDA64 will show you the amount supported by the processor. It is also worth finding out the processor model and looking at the maximum amount of RAM on the official website, then you will know exactly what to take from the store.


    How to install RAM on a computer

    Now let's move on to another important point - installing memory modules on the motherboard... In fact, this process is very simple and it is difficult to screw up the installation, unless you can be mistaken with the characteristics of the memory itself.

    Let's say you have already picked up the product from the store and brought it home. Before connecting, you need to completely disconnect the computer (this also applies to a laptop - it takes out the battery). There are very long connectors on the motherboard, of which there are usually 4 pieces, but sometimes there are 6. These are our slots for RAM.


    • Before installing, make sure that you are not interfered with by other connected devices, such as a video card. If they still interfere, temporarily remove them, and after installing the RAM, screw everything back on.
    • Each slot has latches at the ends, they need to be pushed in opposite directions.


    • If there are old modules, carefully pull them out by the edges.
    • We insert the new module in accordance with the slot on the microcircuit itself and a special key in the slot, this will not allow inserting the module incorrectly. With DDR types, the slots and keys are located in different places, so choosing the right memory type has a high priority.


    • If you can't insert the RAM on either side, most likely you purchased the wrong type.
    • Inserting the DIMM-module gently press on top of it along the edges, the latches should automatically close, although some have mat. boards, this is not done, so we click it ourselves.
    • After correctly installing the memory, you can close the lid of the system unit and finally turn on the computer to make sure it is working.

    One important point is worth noting. I have already spoken about the multi-channel mode, but as practice shows, not everyone installs the modules correctly for the two-channel mode to work. Usually slots on the motherboard are marked with different colors, two black and two blue or another color. To enable multichannel, you need to connect modules to single-color slots. For example, you have to insert 4 GB strips only into the blue slots, and the rest are optional.

    Summing up the choice of RAM

    Here is such a voluminous article, but I promised to paint everything in detail. Based on these parameters, you can easily acquire the memory you want. I will summarize with a short list of what we will discuss today.

    • Before buying RAM, find out its type.
    • Be sure to look at the characteristics and evaluate the models that we would like to buy.
    • Based on your budget, ask yourself how much RAM you need and for what needs, and then start choosing the price category you need.
    • The frequency of the RAM must be supported by the processor.
    • You can take paired modules from the same manufacturer that have been jointly tested. There are usually two modules in a package.
    • To improve performance, look for modules with multichannel support, which the processor should also support.
    • Memory should have low timings, the less the better.
    • Want a memory that has overclocking potential? Then XMP will help you.
    • Always choose modules from well-known brands such as Corsair, Crucial, Goodram, Transcend, Kingston, Samsung, AMD and Patriot.
    • Need a memory with a cooling system? Coolers or fans. There is one, it is more powerful, but due to the design it can take up a lot of space.

    What can be said about RAM for 2017-18 and beyond

    In the presence of a modern assembly, in any case, you need to have a DDR4 type. For a gaming system, you need a volume of 16 to 32 GB, so you will have a system that will work with a bang for the next few years. No need to buy small modules, especially for a gaming PC. If you need to install 16 GB, then we take two strips of 8. The fewer strips in the computer, the more stability you will have, but no one canceled the overclocking potential either.

    How often to take DDR4

    Judging by some sources like JEDEC, it is better to take memory with a frequency of 2133 MHz, since a lower frequency does not give any advantage over DDR3. There are different frequencies for DDR4, which other types do not have, for example 3333 MHz, or 2800 MHz. This is all just for some systems that overclock better. An ordinary user with an ordinary PC should be guided by the indicators of 2133, 2400 and 2666 MHz. The best option is 2133 MHz.

    I hope all this information will help you choose RAM for your computer or laptop. Good luck with this business and ask questions.

    In this article, you will learn:

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    Many factors affect the normal operation of a computer, and the most important of them is RAM. The speed of the computer depends on the RAM.

    After purchasing a PC, RAM can be added if desired. This can be done by replacing the strips or module. But not all modules may fit. Without knowing some of the nuances, you can buy the wrong bar. Whatever happens, we will tell you how to choose the right RAM.

    Device and principle of operation

    The OP bar is a small electronic board with microcircuits. Microcircuits are memory chips. They record temporary information. At the bottom of the RAM there are contacts between which the key is located - not a deep recess that allows you to install the RAM on the motherboard.

    All processes in the device are very fast. In seconds, the processor reads all the information and transmits it to the user.

    Information on the bar is not stored forever. It is available to the user while they are connected to the power supply. By disconnecting the computer from power, the saved data is deleted.

    OP for computer and laptop

    Views

    DDR

    Not a new model, but it has been popular with users for 18 years. It appeared on the DDR market in 2001 and immediately fell in love with not only professionals, but also amateurs.

    The amount of memory in such a RAM does not exceed 512 MB, and the operating frequency is 400 MHz. There are 184 contacts allocated on the bar.

    Of course, the model is outdated and more advanced RAMs can be found today. It is suitable for those users who still have not changed the PC stuffing and they are completely satisfied with the work of the computer from the distant 2000.

    And you won't find it in stores lately. You can buy it hand-held or at some flea market.

    DDR2

    DDR2 is a newer model that went on sale in 2003. The developers managed to make it more powerful and increase the number of contacts to 240. The operating frequency reaches 1000 MHz.

    These bars still work today, but only on older PC models. Of course, it is much better than the previous model, but it is also difficult to find it on sale.

    DDR3

    DDR3 modules appeared in early 2007. The model immediately fell in love with professionals, and soon amateurs appreciated its merits. The manufacturers did a very good job on the OP bar and managed to bring the frequency up to 2800 MHz, although the number of pins has not changed compared to DDR2.

    DDR3 is a very good high quality module that performs almost 40% better than the previous two models.

    DDR4

    The model was released in 2012. The performance is simply amazing, the frequency has risen to 4100 MHz, although the power consumption is only 1.05 V.

    DDR4 is the next generation RAM. It is only suitable for modern computer models, excluding old computers with old connectors.

    Selection options

    Purpose

    Operatives for computers and laptops differ from each other only in panel size and marking, for computers DIMM, and for laptops - SoDIMM. The characteristics of the OP are the same.

    Those who have bought a laptop should choose the bar very carefully. slots may not be enough. Usually their number does not exceed 2.

    Memory

    When purchasing a module, the main criterion is the volume. Choosing a bar with a lot of memory, your PC will work faster, but this does not mean that you have to clog all the computer slots with RAM.

    Keep in mind that the processor and the operating system are designed for a certain amount of GB and it simply won't handle the extra ones. But too small RAM is also not worth buying, it will not bring any result and will quickly fill up.

    For example, for a 32-bit system, 3 GB of memory will be enough, for a 64-bit system, more than 4 GB will be needed. More modern systems require even more RAM.

    You need to buy a RAM bar taking into account all the parameters:

    • an old model bar with 2 GB memory is perfect for an office computer,
    • to watch movies and visit various Internet sites, you can install 4 GB of RAM,
    • for gamers and programmers, this RAM will not work and they need to buy a bar from 16 GB.

    Work frequency

    Another important indicator that affects the speed of the computer. On the latest models, the clock speed is high and this makes the computer run much faster. But it is not suitable for everyone, the processor and motherboard may simply not support them.

    Operations with a frequency of more than 2400 MHz are suitable for powerful PCs, but they are not suitable for budget options. Therefore, when choosing an OP, you must definitely consult with the seller, providing him with information about your "hardware" (computer).

    Timing

    You should try to choose a model that is equipped with the lowest latency between operations in the depths of memory. However, with an increase in the clock frequency of the OP, the timings also increase, so a compromise will have to be found here.

    Such timings greatly slow down the computer. For example, on the third model, the delays do not exceed 11 units, but on the latest model they reached 16 units.

    Voltage

    This criterion cannot be called the main one, it should be taken into account if you want to upgrade your computer. For example, buy a bar. It is worth choosing a new module with the same load as the old one. Then there will be no problems with him.

    If the power supply is intermittent, the motherboard may prefer a more powerful module, which will disable the rest.

    Radiators

    Ribbed pads are used to dissipate heat. On new types of RAM, they are simply necessary, since DDR3 and DDR4 have high performance and, accordingly, heat up faster.

    1. If you need an OP bar for an outdated computer, then the module will have to look. The first and second models are best for you. Here you already need to focus on the type that your motherboard and processor support.
    2. To update a work computer, the third version (at least 4 GB) is suitable, the latest model is very powerful and is simply not needed for an office computer.
    3. If you are building a new computer, then take only the fourth DDR4 model with at least 8 GB (4 GB is not enough now). The clock frequency is very high, and the speed of work is at a height.
    4. For gamers, only the fourth generation of planks (from 16 to 32 GB) is suitable. You can buy several modules and increase the RAM several times.

    The cost

    They cost differently in different stores, it all depends on the amount of memory.

    • The bar for the first model starts at 500 rubles (256 MB). But there are those that can cost 50 thousand (4 GB).
    • The cost of DDR2 starts at 400 rubles (512 MB) and ends with 30 thousand (8 GB).
    • The price for DDR3 starts at 500 rubles (1 GB). Models with a large volume cost about 100 thousand rubles (32 GB).
    • The latest, improved version costs from 3 to 90 thousand (from 4 to 64 GB).

    Manufacturers

    In stores, you can find memory sticks from different manufacturers. Consequently, the cost of such a product varies. It is very difficult to choose, because not always experts can quickly figure out different brands and models, and if you are a beginner in this business, it will be very difficult to find what you need.

    When choosing, you should pay attention not only to technical characteristics, but also to brands. After all, only a company with a good reputation can provide you with a quality product. Of course, you will have to pay twice as much for a brand, but a quality, time-tested product is worth it.

    High-quality RAM is produced by the following companies:

    • Crucial;
    • Goodram;
    • Corsair;
    • HyperX.

    Each company is good in its own way and produces decent products.

    RAM is used for temporary storage of files. The user does not take part in its application, the system automatically saves some information, which allows the computer not to lose performance. The contents of the RAM are erased when the system is turned off.

    Choosing the right RAM is very important, because the ability to overclock a PC or laptop depends on this choice. The operating system is interconnected with the motherboard and the processor, so preference should be given to such an amount of RAM (random access memory) that would be supported by the rest of the computer's components.

    Memory types

    To select the RAM for the processor, you need to decide on its type:

    • DDR - was invented back in 2001, so today this type of memory can be found only in old computers produced in 2002-2003. This RAM worked at a frequency of 400 MHz, which is incomparable with modern standards;
    • DDR2 - this type of memory can still be found, because it was used on all PCs until 2011. This is an improved version of DDR, which is twice as fast and has 240 pins (in the previous version there were only 184);
    • DDR3 was popular until 2014. A significant advantage over previous RAM options is a 40% reduction in power consumption and an increase in transmission speed. By installing this type of memory, it will be possible to achieve a 10% increase in PC performance;
    • DDR4 - was released in 2014 and is popular today due to its 2400 MHz frequency. Since this version of RAM is the most productive, then its cost is appropriate.

    The listed types of memory are incompatible with each other. If you purchased, for example, DDR2, and your computer has a slot only for DDR3, you simply cannot insert incompatible RAM. This is due to the fact that different types of memory have different shapes.

    Manufacturers

    The main manufacturers and developers of RAM are three companies:

    • Samsung is a group of South Korean firms, the first of which was founded in 1938. The choice of RAM of this brand is quite diverse, because you can find both inexpensive copies operating at 800 MHz, and more expensive ones with a frequency of more than 2400 MHz;
    • Hynix is \u200b\u200ba South Korean company that specializes in the manufacture of semiconductor RAM. Hynix's RAM modules are used in some of its products by Apple. The average term of use of such options ranges from 5-6 years. This time will be quite enough before the model is considered morally obsolete;
    • Micron is an American company that was incorporated in 1978. Today, the company's assortment includes 1-4 GB Serial NAND (budget option), a rugged SLC NAND model with a capacity of up to 512 GB, and high-density chips based on TLC NAND. The latest development of the company was created jointly with Intel, it is called 3D NAND. Its distinctive feature is the highest data processing speed in comparison with other models.

    The rest of the companies that sell RAM, enter into contracts with these three concerns about the possibility of using their chips in their production. Some release budget memory (Crucial, Patriot), some - more advanced, with a beautiful design and backlighting (HyperX, GeiL).

    If you need to choose RAM with a clock speed of more than 4000 MHz, look at the G.Skill brand. It was founded in 1989 and during its existence has significantly expanded its range. Among the desktop memory, the Sniper, Ripjaws, Trident series stand out. G.Skill notebook RAM comes in four pieces: Ripjaws DDR4, Ripjaws DDR3, SO-DIMM and SO-DIMM SK.

    Differences between desktop and laptop RAM

    RAM for a laptop differs from RAM for a personal computer only in size and installation method, otherwise (frequency, bandwidth, etc.) these two types have no distinctive features. The PC has two to four slots for a memory card (it all depends on the build). You can add another RAM to the existing one in a few minutes. To do this, disconnect the computer from the power supply, open the system unit, find the desired slot and insert the bracket.

    Saving space is very important for laptops, so the RAM for them is compact in size. The devices have several types of RAM connectors:

    • one slot - costs in budget versions of laptops. Installing new memory is easy: you have to get the existing bar and replace it with a more productive one;
    • two slots - an ideal option, which is most often found in laptops of the middle and high price category. In this case, both slots can be occupied, or only one. In the first slot, you can leave the "native" RAM, and in the second, insert a module with a higher capacity;
    • unsoldered RAM is a difficult case in which it is quite risky to change the RAM to a more powerful one on your own. To do this, you will have to unsolder the old module and attach a new one to the free space. If you have an inexpensive computer model, then it is better not to do this, because in such machines, the RAM is often tightly soldered.

    How to choose RAM for a laptop

    To find out how many memory slots are on your laptop, it is enough to use any diagnostic program (for example, CPU-Z). After starting the test, you can find out the necessary information about the existing memory: the number of channels (connectors), the type and amount of RAM. Based on these parameters, it is worth choosing RAM.

    To choose the right option for a laptop, consider:

    • interface - DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4;
    • form factor - only one type of form factor is suitable for a laptop - SO-DIMM, because it is more compact. DIMM is installed in the PC system unit;
    • frequency - indicated in megahertz directly on the RAM, after the interface. For example, in the DDR4-2400 marking, the first part (DDR4) means the type of memory, and the second (2400) - the frequency;
    • volume - indicated on the case, measured in gigabytes, affects the performance of the laptop;
    • timing - indicated as CL on the case, indicated by numbers. The lower the timing value, the faster the laptop will run. However, frequency has more influence on laptop speed than timing. If you have a choice between a RAM with low timing and high frequency, choose the second one. It is worth remembering that all RAM installed in the computer must have the same timing.

    How to choose the frequency range of RAM

    The data transfer rate is the number of operations per second that the RAM performs. The higher the RAM frequency, the more productive the device will be. However, you need to understand that RAM works in conjunction with the rest of the computer components. It must have such a frequency that would correspond to the frequency of the system bus and processor, otherwise you can disrupt the entire operation of the system.

    What you need to know when choosing the right RAM frequency:

    • the maximum allowable RAM frequency is indicated on the board;
    • if you install two modules, then the computer will work with the maximum bandwidth of the weaker board;
    • it is better to take memory with a frequency of at least 1600 MHz;
    • boards with 2400 MHz and 3600 MHz differ significantly in price, but there is no tangible difference in speed between these two options;
    • for working on a computer, watching videos and for not very "heavy" games, a frequency of 1600 MHz is suitable.

    Operating modes

    There are four modes of operation of RAM:

    • single-channel - can be found in DDR and some DDR2 models. Data recording is carried out sequentially into each module, which reduces the speed of the system;
    • two-channel is the most common mode of operation, for which two or four RAMs are required. For ease of installation, manufacturers of multichannel motherboards paint the DIMM sockets with different colors;
    • three-channel - used in more expensive models, three or six bars are connected to one channel;
    • four-channel is the most expensive and productive option, which has eight module slots.

    Single-channel mode is not used in modern computers due to its slow speed. Users choose multichannel mode, which improves system gaming performance by up to 10%. It is better to select modules of the same model and from the same manufacturer in order to avoid the occurrence of failures.

    What volume to choose

    The amount of RAM should be chosen based on the tasks facing the computer:

    • 2 GB is a budget option that is suitable for old home PCs and laptops, some offices, schools. With this amount of RAM, it will be comfortable to work, provided that the computer performs very few tasks at the same time. For example, if you will only print or watch a movie. If you need to work in Word at the same time, watch videos on the Internet and scan the device with an antivirus, the system will freeze;
    • 4 GB is the best option for inexpensive machines. The volume is enough for the computer to easily perform everyday tasks. If you need to purchase a device for study, home use, then it is better to stop at this volume;
    • 8 GB is enough space for modern models when performing everyday tasks. If you are looking for memory for games on a computer produced in 2014-2016, then this amount will be enough, for newer devices you need to increase the memory;
    • 16 GB - suitable for gamers, programmers, designers, retouchers, advanced PC users;
    • 32 and 124 GB are sky-high numbers that will not be useful to the average user. Operatives with such a volume are needed by programmers, gamers who play exclusively modern games with high resolution or in 3D.

    To accurately calculate how much memory is needed for a PC or laptop, you can use a special table that shows the typical RAM consumption of certain programs. For example, a browser with several open tabs will take about 200-400 megabytes, and a modern game with good graphics will take from 1000 to 2000 megabytes.

    How to choose RAM to the existing one

    It is worth planning to upgrade an existing memory strip based on the following information:

    • the number of RAM slots available in the device;
    • the number of modules installed at the moment;
    • platform used;
    • frequency and timing values \u200b\u200bin already set bars.

    Everything you need can be learned from the content of the marking or a special program that is downloaded to your computer. After that, you will have to make a decision: increase the memory by adding an additional module or by replacing old modules. If you install additional memory, then it is better to choose a model with the same bus and frequency. However, you can purchase another option, but keep in mind that some combinations will not work.

    Today, manufacturers offer two ways to solve the problem of increasing the existing memory - purchase a kit or buy OEM one by one. For users who need non-standard RAM, working at high frequencies, it will be more profitable to take a set. This is due to the fact that the OEM will not be able to overclock too much.