This is the transfer of all data from the old drive ("donor") to the new ("recipient"). Everything is copied without exception: the operating system with drivers, installed programs, photos, music, and so on. After cloning and replacing the disk, you do not need to remember passwords, all files will be in their usual places.

Why Clone Your Hard Drive?

This operation is carried out for the following purposes:

To use a newer and faster drive. A typical case is replacing a slow HDD with a modern SSD. This will significantly speed up the responsiveness of Windows, and due to cloning, the computer upgrade will be as comfortable as possible for the user. All shortcuts and settings will remain unchanged, but the system will become faster.
In order not to reinstall the operating system. For example, after buying a new computer, you want everything to be the same as on the old one and without reinstalling. This will happen when transferring information from the "donor" to the "recipient", and the procedure itself will require relatively little action and attention from the user.
To synchronize work on different computers. Remote work is becoming more common. Cloning a hard drive will allow you to deploy a full-fledged workplace where it is convenient and there can be as many such places.
To back up your data. You can lose information on the drive at any time - nothing lasts forever. Thanks to cloning in a few clicks, you can be secure and in the event of force majeure to have a fully working "cast" of all data.

It is important that there are no viruses on the "donor" - clone the drive only after a thorough check for malware.

Cloning utilities and programs

There are many cloning applications. Some, specially designed to perform such an operation, are suitable for inexperienced users who value the simplicity of the process. Other programs have more functionality. In them, creating a clone of the disk is just one of the many options available.

Connect your new drive to your computer before using any application. It is convenient to use the external hard drive pocket for this.

Renee Becca

A simple utility that everyone can understand. With its help, you can clone a storage medium in a few clicks. The algorithm of actions consists of the following steps:

download, install and run the application;
select item in the left pane "Clone"... With the help of "Renee Becca" you can also make a clone of only certain local disks or transfer only the operating system to a new drive. The corresponding items are located below in the initial window of the program;

indicate "donor" and "recipient". To get a complete copy of the "donor", check the "Make target disk bootable ..." line at the bottom of the window. On the left, open the "More" list and check the box next to "Clone all sectors ...". Then start the operation by clicking on "Clone";

A functional program that costs a lot, but the demo version is also suitable for cloning. To download it, follow the link and enter your e-mail. After starting the application, do the following:

choose a "donor". It is important to specify not just the local drive, but the entire drive. To do this, right-click on the line with this drive and click on "Clone basic disk";

specify "recipient". When choosing this disk, remember that the data on it will be overwritten, and its volume cannot be less than the size of the occupied information on the "donor";

so that the "recipient" is exactly the same as the "donor", check the box opposite the line "One to one" in the next window;

in Acronis Disc Director, any manipulations with drives must always be confirmed separately. To do this, at the top of the window, click on "Apply pending operations" - only after that cloning will begin;

If you do not use the program for commercial purposes, then you do not need to pay for it. You just need to go to the developer's site, click on "Home Use", specify an e-mail and confirm it - you will receive a corresponding letter. After downloading, installing and launching "Macrium Reflect" follow these steps:

on the initial screen, click on "Clone this disk";

on the next window, check the box for all local disks on the "donor";

at the bottom, click on "Select a disk to clone ..." - a selection window will appear, where select "donor";

at the end of the operation, click on "Finish";

Paragon Drive Backup Personal

A free utility with enough capabilities for cloning. It is available for download on this page, and after downloading, installing and running, do the following:

create your own account in the app. This is done in a few clicks - you only need to specify your e-mail and personal data. After that, on the left, click on "My new backup". On the right, specify "donor" in the "Backup source" field and "recipient" in the "Destination" field;

start cloning by clicking on "Back up now";

Simple and free application. To download, go to the developer's website and select the version with Russian localization.

After installation and launch, follow these steps in sequence:

indicate "donor". If you need to clone not the entire drive, but only one of the local disks, then check the box "Show partitions" and select the required local disks. Then click on "Next";

Specify the "recipient" and click on "Next" again.

the settings window will appear. You can leave nothing and click on "Next";

a window for setting the sizes of the "donor" and "recipient" will appear. It is enough to check the "Resize partitions proportionally" option and click on "Next";

in the last window, confirm the start of the operation by clicking on "Start copying".

This is a good utility with a demo version, the capabilities of which will be enough for one-time disk cloning. After downloading, installing and launching the application, follow these steps:

in the top panel, click on "Clone" - unfortunately, the program does not have a translation into Russian;

Since the invention of the term "clone" in 1963, genetic engineering has experienced several colossal leaps: we learned how to extract genes, developed a method of polymerase chain reaction, decoded the human genome and cloned a number of mammals. And yet, in humans, the evolution of cloning has stopped. What ethical, religious and technological challenges did she face? T&P studied the history of genetic copying to understand why we still haven't cloned ourselves.

The word “cloning” (English “cloning”) comes from the ancient Greek word “κλών” - “twig, offspring”. This term describes a number of different processes that make it possible to create a genetic copy of a biological organism or part of it. The appearance of such a copy may differ from the original, however, from the point of view of DNA, it is always completely identical to it: the blood type, tissue properties, the sum of qualities and predispositions remain the same as in the first case.

The history of cloning began more than a hundred years ago, in 1901, when the German embryologist Hans Spemann managed to split a two-celled salamander embryo in half, and grow a full-fledged organism from each half. So scientists learned that in the early stages of development, the required amount of information is contained in each cell of the embryo. A year later, another specialist, a geneticist from the United States, Walter Sutton, suggested that this information is located in the cell nucleus. Hans Spemann took this information into account and 12 years later, in 1914, he successfully conducted an experiment on transplanting a nucleus from one cell to another, and after another 24 years, in 1938, he suggested that the nucleus could be transplanted into a nuclear-free egg.

Then the development of cloning practically stopped, and only in 1958 the British biologist John Gurdon was able to successfully clone the clawed frog. To do this, he used the intact nuclei of the somatic (not participating in reproduction) cells of the tadpole's body. In 1963, another biologist, John Haldane, first used the term "clone" to describe Herdon's work. At the same time, the Chinese embryologist Tong Dizhou conducted an experiment to transfer the DNA of an adult male carp into the eggs of a female and obtained a viable fish - and at the same time the title of "father of Chinese cloning." After that, several successful experiments were carried out to clone living organisms: carrots grown from an isolated cell (1964), mice (1979), a sheep, whose organisms were created from embryonic cells (1984), two cows, "born" from differentiated cells of one week old embryo and embryonic cells (1986), two more sheep named Megan and Morag (1995) and, finally, Dolly (1996). And yet, for scientists, Dolly has become more a question than an answer to a question.

Medical problems: abnormalities and "old" telomeres

It is Dolly who today holds the title of the most famous clone in the history of the discipline. After all, it was created on the basis of the genetic material of an adult, and not an embryo or embryo, like its predecessors and predecessors. However, the source of DNA, according to the assumption of some scientists, has become a problem for the cloned sheep. The ends of the chromosomes in Dolly's body - telomeres - were as short as those of her nuclear donor, an adult sheep. A specific enzyme, telomerase, is responsible for the length of these fragments in the body. In the case of an adult mammalian organism, it is most often active only in germ and stem cells, as well as in lymphocyte cells at the time of the immune response. In tissues consisting of such material, chromosomes are constantly elongated, but in all the rest, they are shortened after each division. When the chromosomes reach a critical length, the cell stops dividing. That is why telomerase is considered one of the main intracellular mechanisms that regulates the life span of cells.

Today it is impossible to say for sure whether Dolly's "old" chromosomes were the reason for her early demise for the sheep. She lived 6.5 years, which is slightly more than half of the usual life expectancy for this species.

Dolly had to be put to sleep as she developed virus-induced adenomatosis (benign tumors) of the lungs and severe arthritis. Ordinary sheep also often suffer from these diseases, but more often at the end of life, so it is obviously impossible to exclude the influence of Dolly's telomere length on tissue degradation. Scientists who wanted to test the hypothesis about the "old" telomeres of cloned living beings failed to confirm it: the artificial "aging" of the nuclei of the cells of a young calf by long-term cultivation in a test tube after the birth of its clones gave a completely opposite result: the length of telomeres in the chromosomes of newborn calves is strong increased and even surpassed normal indicators.

The telomeres of cloned animals may be shorter than those of their regular counterparts, but this is not the only problem. Most of the mammalian embryos obtained by cloning die. The moment of birth is also critical. Newborn clones often suffer from gigantism, die from respiratory distress, defects in the development of the kidneys, liver, heart, brain, and lack of leukocytes in the blood. If the animal does survive, it often develops other abnormalities by old age: for example, cloned mice in old age are often obese. However, the offspring of cloned warm-blooded creatures do not inherit the flaws of their physiology. This allows us to say that the changes in DNA and chromatin that can occur during the transplantation of the donor nucleus are reversible and are erased when the genome passes through the embryonic pathway: a series of cell generations from the primary germ cells of the embryo to the reproductive products of the adult organism.

Social aspect: how to socialize a clone

Cloning does not allow you to completely repeat the human consciousness, because not everything in the process of its formation is due to genetics. That is why the full identity of the donor and the cloned personality is out of the question, and therefore the practical value of cloning is actually much lower than how science fiction writers and directors traditionally see it in their minds. And yet, today, in any case, it remains unclear how to create a place for a cloned person in society. What name should he wear? How, in his case, to formalize paternity, motherhood, marriage? How to solve legal issues of property and inheritance? Obviously, the reconstruction of a person on the basis of donor genetic material would require the emergence of a special social and legal niche. Its appearance would change the landscape of the familiar system of family and social relations much more than, for example, the registration of same-sex marriages.

Religious aspect: man in the role of God

Representatives of the largest religions and confessions oppose human cloning. Pope John Paul II, who was the primate of the Roman Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005, formulated its position as follows: “The path indicated by Christ is the path of respect for a person, and any research should have the goal of knowing him in his truth, so that later to serve him, not manipulate him in accordance with a project that is sometimes arrogantly considered better than that of the Creator himself. For a Christian, the mystery of being is so deep that it is inexhaustible for human knowledge. The man who, with the arrogance of Prometheus, raises himself to the arbiter between good and evil, turns progress into his own absolute ideal and is subsequently crushed by it. The past century, with its ideologies, which sadly marked its tragic history, and the wars that furrowed it, stands before everyone's eyes as a demonstration of the result of such arrogance. "

The Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, Alexy II, who held this post from 1990 to 2008, opposed experiments on genetic reconstruction of humans even more harshly. “Cloning a person is an immoral, insane act leading to the destruction of the human personality, challenging its Creator,” said the patriarch. The 14th Dalai Lama also spoke with caution about experiments on genetic reconstruction of humans. "As for cloning, then, as a scientific experiment, it makes sense if it will benefit a specific person, but if you use it all the time, there is nothing good about it," said the Buddhist high priest.

The fears of believers and ministers of the church are caused not only by the fact that in such experiments a person goes beyond the traditional methods of reproducing his own species and, in fact, takes on the role of God, but also the fact that even within the framework of one attempt at cloning tissues using embryonic cells must be created several embryos, most of which will die or will be killed. Unlike the cloning process, which is predictably not mentioned in the Bible, there is information about the origin of human life in canonical Christian texts. Psalm of David 139: 13-16 says: “For you made my inward parts and knit me together in my mother's womb. I will praise You, because I am wonderfully made. Marvelous are Thy works, and my soul is fully aware of this. My bones were not hidden from You, when I was creating in secret, I was forming in the depths of the womb. Thy eyes have seen my germ; in your book are written all the days appointed for me, when not one of them was yet. " Theologians traditionally interpret this statement as an indication that a person's soul does not arise at the moment of his birth, but earlier: between conception and birth. Because of this, the destruction or death of the embryo can be considered as murder, and this is contrary to one of the biblical commandments: "Thou shalt not kill."

Clone benefits: re-create organs, not people

The cloning of human biological material in the coming decades, nevertheless, may nevertheless turn out to be useful and finally lose its “criminal” mystical and ethical component. Modern technologies for the preservation of umbilical cord blood make it possible to take stem cells from it to create organs for transplantation. Such organs are ideal for humans, as they carry their own genetic material and are not rejected by the body. Moreover, for such a procedure, there is no need to recreate the embryo. Experiments for the development of such a technology have already been carried out: in 2006, British scientists managed to grow a small liver from the cells of the umbilical cord blood of a conceived and born in the usual way of an infant. This happened a few months after his birth. The organ turned out to be small: only 2 cm in diameter, but its tissues were in order.

However, today the more well-known forms of therapeutic cloning are those that involve the creation of a blastocyst: an early stage embryo of about 100 cells. In the future, blastocysts are, of course, humans, so their use is often as controversial as cloning to obtain a living person. This is partly why today all forms of cloning, including therapeutic, are officially banned in many countries. Reconstruction of human biomaterial for therapeutic purposes is only permitted in the United States, India, the United Kingdom and parts of Australia. Cord blood preservation technologies are often used today, but so far scientists are considering it only as a potential means of fighting type I diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, and not as a possible resource for creating organs for transplantation.

Human cloning now very close to reality. Unfortunately, the cloning topic has been influenced from the outset by misleading media reports.

Negative attitude towards cloning people - more a consequence of the breathtaking novelty of cloning than of any real unwanted consequences. With reasonable regulation, the benefits of human cloning would far outweigh the disadvantages. If the public were to impose a complete ban on human cloning, it would be a sad episode in human history. This essay discusses both the benefits and the alleged negative consequences of human cloning.

In fact, a clone is just another person's identical twin, delayed in time. Human clones will be ordinary human beings, just like you or me, not zombies at all. They will be carried by an ordinary woman for 9 months, they will be born and raised in a family like any other child. It will take them 18 years to come of age, like everyone else.

Consequently, clone- the twin will be several decades younger than its original, so there is no danger that people will confuse the twin clone with the original. Just like identical twins, the clone and the DNA donor will have different fingerprints.

The clone will not inherit any of the original individual's memories. Because of all these differences, a clone is not a photocopy or double of a person, but simply a younger identical twin. Human clones will have the same legal rights and responsibilities as any other person. Clones will be human beings in the fullest sense. You will not be allowed to keep a clone as a slave. Human slavery was banned in the United States in 1865.

It should be emphasized that human cloning should be carried out on an individual voluntary basis. A living person who is planned to be cloned will have to give their consent to this. Likewise, a woman who will carry a twin clone and then raise this child must act voluntarily. No other scenario is conceivable for a free democratic country. Since cloning requires a woman to carry a child, there is no danger of villainous scientists creating thousands of clones in secret laboratories. Cloning will only be done upon request and with the participation of ordinary people as an additional alternative for reproduction.

Many people ask: Why clone a human?

There are at least two good reasons: to allow families to conceive twin children of outstanding personalities and to allow childless couples to have children.

Living in a free society, we must also ask the question: "Are negative consequences so inevitable that we should forbid adults who act voluntarily from doing it?" We will see that in general the negative consequences are not so insurmountable. Where certain abuses are foreseen, they can be prevented with the help of narrowly focused laws and regulations, which will be discussed below.

Cultural and economic significance cloning Clint Eastwood would be huge!

Cloning exceptional personalities

Great people are valuable in many ways, culturally and financially. For example, in the United States, movie and sports stars are often worth hundreds of millions of dollars. Let's look at a specific example of Clint Eastwood. His films have brought in several billion dollars over 30 years. Today he is 67 years old and is nearing the end of his acting and directing career. He is one of the most popular living movie stars. As Richard Schickel said in his essay on Eastwood, "For actors, more than anyone else, genetics is destiny." The cultural and economic significance of cloning Clint Eastwood would be enormous. Tens of millions of fans would love it. Moreover, it could be done in a very suitable way. He undoubtedly has the financial resources to pay for this procedure. His new wife is now of childbearing age, and could easily bear and give birth to a child who would be brought up in their family. If the Eastwood family decided they wanted to do it, why should the government ban it? Why should this be a crime?

The same reasoning applies to sports stars. For example, they offered to clone Michael Jordan, a superbasketball player. Of course, this should only be done with the approval of Mr. Jordan and a woman, preferably a married woman, who wishes to raise this child. Millions of basketball fans would love to hear the announcement of the successful cloning of Michael Jordan. There would also be widespread interest and much incentive to clone other major figures in the sport, such as Wilt Chamberlain, Willie Mays, Ted Williams, the last big league baseball player to score over 400. Of course, we'll have to wait about 20 years for the twins of these sports greats to come of age. In addition, there is always the possibility that the athlete's twin may not be interested in sports. However, with the opportunities opening up for them to make millions of dollars, this does not seem very likely.

Why not also allow cloning eminent intellectuals and scientists such as the visionary science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, Dr. Jonas Salk, the inventor of the polio vaccine, and even Dr. Jan Wilmuth himself?

Wilmut will definitely receive the Nobel Prize in the medicine / physiology category. Indeed, it would be worth cloning each of the Nobel laureates for the future contributions that their twins could potentially make to science.

Again, we are talking about a decision that is made directly by the individuals involved: the DNA donor, the woman who will carry the child and her husband who will help raise this child.

Cloning makes sense even in the case of mere mortals. Exceptional people are not limited to movie stars and Nobel laureates. We all know people we respect and admire. Sometimes we say to ourselves, There would be more people like this in the world!

Human cloning allows us to go beyond empty speculation of this kind. Suppose old Uncle Max is a wonderful person who is treated with love and respect in society and in the family. His niece and her husband decide that they would like to have a child like Uncle Max. He is flattered and agreed allow yourself to be cloned... Why should the US Congress, in its infinite wisdom, step in and declare Uncle Max and his niece criminals to be arrested by the reproduction police and put in jail? Where are the harmful consequences for themselves and for society? Why should it be a crime?

What can we expect from human clones? The answer comes from studying ordinary identical twins. In appearance, the clone almost completely repeats the original individual, has almost the same height and physique. For famous supermodels and movie stars, this may be the most important trait. Identical twins have a 70 percent correlation in intelligence and a 50 percent correlation in character traits. This means that if you clone an outstanding scientist, then his twin clone may actually be even smarter than the original scientist! And if the clone of Elizabeth Taylor has a slightly different character, does that matter? At present, we cannot say with certainty what percentage of outstanding twins will make contributions of equal importance to science. However, if we prohibit cloning, we will never know. Determination and energy are undoubtedly important characteristics of many outstanding people. And they seem to be heavily influenced by genetics. If it is found that clones of outstanding people do not live up to the reputation of their predecessors, then the incentive for cloning people will diminish. Then we will see that people, being informed, will want to clone less frequently.

Objections raised against human cloning

Some politicians in the United States are now proposing that we be protected from all the misfortunes of human cloning through a complete legal ban. Interestingly, upon closer inspection, no major problems really exist. In a few cases where abuse is possible, it can be prevented through narrowly targeted legislation. And there is nothing related to human cloning as such, which would justify its criminalization. The only objection that remains as a result of the analysis is that the cloning technology is not yet perfect. But this is a justification for further research, not a ban.

The only objection that remains as a result of the analysis is that the cloning technology is not yet perfect. But this is a justification for further research, not a ban.

Number of fantastic and absurd objections against human cloning just amazing. This shows a fundamental lack of understanding of this concept among the general public. Rather than pandering to fears of ignorance, politicians should embark on a program to create a sober understanding among the public.

If US lawmakers turn out to be foolish enough to make human cloning a crime, chances are high that the Supreme Court will declare it unconstitutional. Even if he does not do this, the Americans will still have the opportunity to fly to a free country to carry out this procedure.

Let's take a closer look at some of the main objections to human cloning that people have. The very thought of this is unnatural and disgusting.

Creation of another person with the same genetic code would violate human dignity and uniqueness.

These arguments are nullified by the existence of 150 million people in the world today, whose genetic code is not unique. I'm talking about natural identical twins, who are born on average 1 time in 67 births.

Natural twins are much more alike than twin clones, since natural twins are exactly the same age, while a twin clone and a DNA donor will usually have an age difference of several decades. Are natural twins or triplets disgusting? Do twins violate human dignity? Of course not.

This backlash in many cases is simply the result of misinformation and confusion around the concept of a human clone. But if you find cloning disgusting, then of course don't! Even if many people still find the thought of human cloning disgusting, this is not a sufficient reason for the ban.

In the name of individual freedom, many activities that people find abhorrent are allowed in this world. For example, many find nose earrings and gender reassignment surgeries disgusting. But they are not prohibited, as we value freedom of choice. There is a view that victimless crimes should not be considered crimes. Who would be the victim in the event of human cloning? It's hard to believe that clones would consider themselves as victims just because they have the same genetic code as anyone else. After all, millions of identical twins do not consider themselves victims. It is also difficult to see how society as a whole might suffer from human cloning. On the contrary, the clone should probably think of himself as someone special, and even more so if he is the twin of an outstanding personality. They will also have the advantage of knowing what they have the ability to do from the very beginning of life. So where is the problem? Cloning would reduce genetic diversity, making us more vulnerable to epidemics and the like.

This objection is based on an unreasonable extreme extrapolation. There are over 5 billion people on this planet. Obviously, human cloning will be done on a very modest scale due to the perceived cost of the procedure. In addition, most women still do not want to be the mother of twin clones. It will be many decades before the total number of human clones reaches at least 1 million worldwide. As a percentage, this would represent a microscopic fraction of the total population and would not have any impact on the genetic diversity of humans. We will also further discuss how human cloning can help us replenish lost genetic diversity. If in some distant future human cloning will become widespreadthen some restrictions on such activities might be justified. However, let's keep in mind that even if one clone of every person on the planet were created, the genetic diversity would practically not decrease, since we would still have 5 billion genetically different individuals. This could lead to the creation of human monsters or freaks. ...

Human cloning is not the same as human genetic engineering. When cloning, DNA is copied, resulting in another person, the exact twin of the existing individual and therefore not a monster or a freak. Genetic engineering, however, would imply the modification of human DNA, as a result of which a person may appear, unlike any other that previously existed. This could supposedly lead to the creation of very unusual people, even monsters. Genetic engineering in humans, with great positive potential, is indeed a very risky endeavor and should only be carried out with the greatest care and supervision. Cloning is safe and trite compared to genetic engineering. If you are afraid of human cloning, then human genetic engineering should horrify you. Dictators can use cloning for evil.

The possibility exists that unscrupulous dictators such as Fidel Castro or Saddam Hussein may try to perpetuate their power by creating a clone and handing over power to it when they die. There is also the possibility that such people might try to create a super-army of thousands of clones of Arnold Schwarzenegger or the like. These opportunities cannot be discounted. However, it is important to understand that laws adopted in the United States and other democratic countries cannot control the behavior of villainous dictators in totalitarian countries. Banning human cloning in the US or Europe will not stop cloning in Iraq. And if Saddam Hussein wants to clone himself, no military invasion can stop him. The evil in these scenarios does not come from cloning as such, but from dictatorships. The proper solution would be a worldwide ban on dictators, but of course it is unlikely to come true. The technology is not perfect, it can lead to the death of the fetus.

No area of \u200b\u200bhuman activity is free from accidental death. Human cloning is no exception. Some of the remaining sheep cloned in Roslin were stillborn. The mammalian cloning technology is currently in an experimental stage and the success rate is still low. Based on additional experiments on higher mammals, one can foresee that the cloning procedure will be improved to such a quality that the risk of miscarriage or death of the child will be the same as for other births.

Thirty thousand people have died on the Oregon Trail. Forty thousand die in the US every year in car accidents. There are also many fatal aircraft crashes, hundreds of people and dozens of children die in each accident. Every year, many adults and children choke on chicken bones and die. However, we don't think about banning cars, planes, or fried chicken because of the benefits that outweigh the risks. If airplanes were invented now and not 90 years ago, I'm afraid there would be serious proposals to ban airplanes because of the risk of injury and loss of life. It would be absurd to ban new technological advances just because they are not ideally safe in the first place. clone yourself just to get organs for transplant.

This is one of the most awkward claims of all cloning. A human clone is a human being. In a free society, you cannot force another human being to give you one of their internal organs. Also, you cannot in any way kill another person in order to get one of his organs. Already existing laws prevent such abuse. Also note that if your twin clone is injured in an accident, you may be asked to donate one of your kidneys to keep the clone alive! If the organ donor is still a child, the public may want to step in and declare that this is prohibited. In fact, removing any organ from a child, whether clone or not, for transplantation to another person is a highly controversial practice that must be strictly regulated.

Many legitimate future applications cloning technology find themselves in the fields of organ transplantation, skin grafting for fire victims, etc. In these cases, the cloning of a whole person would not be required, but only the use of the same technology of transfer of the cell nucleus to grow new tissues or organs for medical purposes.

Do we really need 200 clones of Sophia Loren or Cindia Crawford?

Probably not, and it is unlikely that this will happen. (However, the idea of \u200b\u200breproducing beautiful women would not seem so bad to most men.) If we are talking about cloning a living person and his consent is required, as it should be by law, extremely it is unlikely that humans will agree to create 200 clones. A person will probably favor making no more than 1 or 2 clones of themselves. Also remember that human clones cannot be mass produced in a laboratory. Each of them must be borne in due time by a woman, just like any other child. How do critics of cloning imagine that 200 women can be persuaded to carry these 200 identical babies? If we are truly concerned that this is possible, society may simply prohibit the creation of more than 2 clones of the same person, rather than cloning altogether.

If we are talking about cloning someone who is now dead, a more distant possibility, then the question of limitation number of twin clones becomes a sensible topic for reflection and debate. And we will have a lot of time for this debate. Of course, if there are simply several individuals with the same appearance, such as triplets or "quadruplets", this does not necessarily lead to the degradation of the human nature of these people.

Religious leaders discredit themselves when they suggest imprisoning people they cannot convince.

This is tantamount to assuming the role of God.

The Bible and scriptures of other major religions do not explicitly prohibit human cloning. Consequently, religious opposition to human cloning is not well founded. However, there are many people who think that human cloning is "wrong" for religious reasons. These people, of course, should not be involved in cloning. Religious leaders who believe human cloning is “wrong” are given the right to preach their faith and convince anyone they can convince. But they discredit themselves when they suggest imprisoning people they cannot convince. Jesus never advocated power to force people to live according to Christian beliefs. The imposition of religious beliefs with the help of laws is a very pathetic idea, and moreover, it is a violation of the US Constitution.

Unlike abortion, which involves the termination of fetal life, cloning involves creating a new life... Therefore, opposition to human cloning is not based on established moral principles. It can also be argued that if God did not want us to clone mammals and humans, he would not have created Dr. Wilmuth. Please stay true to your beliefs and beliefs, but don't tell me what to do with my DNA! Personally, I would not want to clone myself, but free people should be free in their choice and not be forced by society.

The accusation of being God is an obscure but recurring criticism. We hear it every time a new serious achievement appears in medicine. At one time, birth control with contraception, in vitro fertilization, and heart transplants were criticized on the same grounds. God often does wonderful things that we should try to repeat. If playing the role of God in cloning a person can have bad consequences, critics are obliged to determine exactly what bad consequences those might be. They haven't done that yet.

Desirable government regulation

Human cloning Is a new and unexplored legal field that will definitely require some legislative regulation to prevent abuse. Here are some suggestions for what moderate laws would be desirable.

Human clones must officially have the same legal rights and responsibilities as any other human being. Humans will not have the right to keep a human clone in a wine cellar for spare parts for their bodies, any more than they can do with identical twins. It is a crime to mistreat any human being, regardless of whether their genetic code is unique.

The person living in the present should not clone without his written consent. Any person is automatically given ownership of his genetic code and the right to dispose of it at his own discretion; the code must remain under his control. A person should be allowed to decide at his own will whether he wants to be allowed to clone himself after death, and under what conditions. We may wish to prohibit the cloning of minors, since they are not yet mature enough to make that kind of decision.

Human clones should be nurtured and born only as an adult woman, acting of her own free will, without coercion. Growing a human fetus outside a woman's body, for example, in laboratory apparatus, should be prohibited. At the moment, there is no technology for artificially growing the fruit, but Japanese researchers are working on it.

There is reason to believe that the predisposition to cruelty and murder is genetically determined. The cloning of convicted murderers and other violent criminals should be prohibited. Cloning Charles Manson doesn't have to be legal. There are enough criminals in the world without their artificial creation. The ban should undoubtedly extend to well-known mass murderers of the past such as Hitler, Lenin and Stalin, foreseeing the day when this will be possible.

Cloning the dead

An interesting but little known fact about Dr. Wilmuth's cloning procedure is that it is done with frozen cells, not fresh cells. (This information was obtained directly from Ian Wilmuth by Dr. Patrick Dixon.) This means that it is not necessary for the DNA donor, whether animal or human, to be alive when cloning is performed. If a sample of human tissue is properly frozen, the person could be cloned long after they die. In the case of people who have already died and whose tissue has not been frozen, cloning becomes more difficult, and today's technology does not allow it. However, it would be very daring for any biologist to state that this is impossible. Let's now look into the near future and reflect on the possibilities that will open up if science can develop a method for obtaining a clone from the DNA of an already deceased being.

All human tissues contain DNA and can potentially be a source for cloning. The list of tissues includes human hair, bones and teeth. Unfortunately, DNA begins to slowly decay a few weeks after death, destroying segments of the genetic code. After 60 million years, only short fragments of dinosaur DNA have survived, so the chances of a Jurassic Park being implemented are slim. However, there is a good chance of recovering the DNA sequence from human tissue samples. much less time has passed.

Think of the genetic code as a book from which paragraphs or pages are randomly removed over time. If we only have one copy of a book, the full text cannot be restored. Fortunately, we have more than one copy. There can be many thousands of cells in a bone or tissue sample, each with its own copy of the DNA code.

It is like owning thousands of copies of the same book. If page 239 is deleted from one book, that page may be intact in another, therefore, by combining information from many cells, it is possible to accurately restore the original genetic code. Another encouraging factor is that only a small percentage of the three billion characters in the human genetic code are responsible for individual differences.

For example, the genetic codes of chimpanzees and humans are actually 99% the same. This means that less than 1% of the code will have to be restored, i.e. only that part that determines the individual differences between people. Of course, all this is outside of today's technology, but in principle it is feasible.

Tufts of hair of many famous people of the past have been preserved. The list of these people includes Isaac Newton, George Washington, Napoleon, Beethoven, Merlin Monroe, Elvis Presley, and John Lennon. For example, not so long ago, a chemical analysis of several hairs of Isaac Newton was carried out. It was found that due to his chemical experiments, they contain high concentrations of arsenic.

Until now, curls of hair were simply extravagant rarities. With human cloning, which is already on the verge of reality, they are now gaining much more importance. It is possible that great people of the past might have been cloned from samples of their hair, tissue, or bone. Albert Einstein's brain is stored in a special vessel. We know the location of the bones of many other famous people, such as Abraham Lincoln, Leonardo da Vinci, Eva Peron. We should take appropriate measures, if necessary, legislation, to ensure that tissue samples from prominent people of the past are properly preserved from destruction. Cryogenic storage of these samples would be desirable to prevent further DNA degradation.

The prospect of cloning prominent people of the past is an extremely exciting opportunity, and justifies the most intense research efforts. Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein are two of the greatest scientists of all time. Imagine the potential for scientific progress if these two scientists could be cloned and trained in the 21st century!

Given the dependence of the individual on the cultural environment, the clone of Newton would be brought up in England, and the clone of Einstein - no doubt in a Jewish family, possibly the real descendants of Einstein. As with clones of movie stars and athletes, there is no guarantee that their twins will definitely want to study physics. Instead, in their new life, they may find some other field of science more interesting, such as artificial intelligence or genetic engineering. Assuming they will be born at about the same time, it would be possible for the twin clones of Newton and Einstein to collaborate on scientific work! What scientific miracles could these two great minds discover by working together?

It is also conceivable that the great political leaders of the past could have been cloned from a bundle of hair or from leftover bones. The names that come to mind are Winston Churchill, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy. There is some evidence that leadership propensity is genetically determined. Of course, a person's life experience leaves a big imprint on his personality, interests and aspirations. It does not seem incredible, however, that some of the twins of these great men might as well wish to take the path of politics and reach its heights, just as the children of politicians sometimes repeat the careers of their fathers. How incredibly exciting it would be to witness a presidential race in the next century between Abraham Lincoln's twin and unparalyzed Franklin Roosevelt's twin! Who would win the rivalry between the twin clones of John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan? Will Winston Churchill be re-elected Prime Minister of Great Britain, or will he be out of work in the supposedly peaceful environment of the 21st century? Maybe instead he would have become an outstanding TV commentator and writer.

There would also be tremendous interest and benefit from cloning great sports figures past such as Jim Thorpe, Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth and Gees Owens. The 2032 Olympics could be a sensation if the clones of Jim Thorpe and Gees Owens were to compete against each other.

The same technology that Adolf Hitler would have cloned can be used to clone Anne Frank!

Another opportunity that human cloning, may be to partially correct past injustices. Perhaps the many millions of victims of Nazi concentration camps could have been cloned to rebuild lost genetic branches. The same technology that Adolf Hitler would have cloned can be used to clone Anne Frank! Human cloning would be the first proposal of the global Jewish community as a constructive response to the Holocaust. In Russia, serious concern remains about the impoverishment of the gene pool caused by Stalin's mass shootings of the best and brightest members of society. In a limited sense, cloning could give a chance for a new life to people of the past, whose lives were unfairly and prematurely cut off.

What about DNA from Egyptian mummies? Perhaps the ancient Egyptians were wiser than we might think in preserving their body after death. The whole mummy of Ramses II lies in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo in excellent condition. Ramses II is a pharaoh mentioned in the Old Testament. Human cloning technology would allow a modern Egyptian woman to give birth to the twin of a great historical figure. Who would not be in awe of the opportunity to see the living incarnation of Ramses II and hear the same voice that spoke to Moses more than three thousand years ago?

Let's sum up

Obviously, human cloning has enormous potential benefits and several potential negative consequences. As with many scientific advances in the past, such as airplanes and computers, the only threat is that of our own narrow mental self-satisfaction. Human clones can make a great contribution to scientific progress and cultural development. In certain cases, where possible abuses are foreseen, they can be prevented with the help of highly targeted specialized legislation. With a drop of common sense and reasonable regulation, human cloning is not something to be afraid of. We should look forward to it with excitement and support scientific research that will accelerate the implementation of cloning.

Exceptional people are among the world's greatest treasures. Human cloning will allow us to preserve, and eventually even restore these treasures.

When replacing a hard drive with a new one, for example, a more capacious or high-speed one, as a rule, it becomes necessary to transfer information from the old drive to it.

If you do it manually - reinstalling the system, programs and copying user files, you can spend a whole day.

It is much more convenient to entrust this to automation - special programs for cloning hard drives. With their help, all files, settings and the system itself will simply “move to a new place of residence” in the form in which they were on the old media.

Hard disk cloning is a low-level sector-by-sector transfer of data from one medium to another. In this case, the clone disk will be an exact copy of the original disk.

Cloning a hard drive

A lot of free and paid programs have been released to create clone disks. Among them there are universal ones that work with any HDD and SSD, and highly specialized ones designed for drives of a certain brand, for example, only Samsung or only Western Digital.

Let's take a look at five popular and most easy-to-use programs for cloning hard drives to SSDs or HDDs from any manufacturer.

EASEUS Disk Copy

Farstone RestoreIT Pro is primarily a tool for recovering system and user data after failures, virus attacks, changes and accidental deletion.

As such, this program does not create disk clones, but it can create backups of any information on them.

The frequency of backups in RestoreIT Pro can be configured at least hourly. And restoration to the saved copy is done by pressing one button.

RestoreIT Pro features:

the ability to restore the system even after the bootloader is damaged;
2 backup modes - full and cumulative (saving only changed data);
monitoring the entire disk or only selected partitions;
storing the entire history of file changes, not just the last saved version.

The disadvantages of the program are the paid license ($ 24.95) and the lack of disk cloning function.

When storing information on computers, there is always a risk of data loss. There can be many reasons. Starting from the elementary deletion of the necessary data and ending with PC malfunctions.
In order to ensure the safety of important information and not spend too much time installing programs in case of failure, cloning is needed.
This means that in a few simple steps you can return what you have lost.
This article is intended to help experienced and novice users choose the most convenient hard drive cloning software.

comparison table

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Names	Advantages	disadvantages
Acronis True Image	A large number of options; Russian language; simple interface; choice of operating mode; the presence of a "cloud".	Paid license
EASEUS Disk Copy	Multifunctionality; clear interface; completely free; high accuracy when cloning.	Lack of Russian
Macrium Reflect	Accessible interface; high speed and compression ratio; choice of storage location for the image; recording data on optical media; built-in backup scheduler; Free download.	Lack of Russian
Paragon Drive Backup	Multifunctionality; tips from "masters"; support for any Microsoft OS; choice of storage location; full or partial cloning.	Paid license
FarStone DriveClone	Free software; work in real time without rebooting the PC; cloning in whole and in part; reliability.	Doesn't support Windows OS versions above 8.1
Seagate Disk Wizard	Completely free; Russian-language and accessible interface; Supports Windows 10 / 8.1 / 8/7 / Vista / XP 32 \| 64-bit; Two modes of operation.	Only for PCs using Seagate and Maxtor hard drives
AOMEI Backupper	Making copies without interrupting work; Supports Windows 10, 8.1, 8, 7, Vista, XP; Disk cloning; Full and partial copying; Copy encryption.	The need to install a crack.
Clonezilla	Support for all OS; Free access; Works with most file systems; The ability to compress the image; Recording an image remotely and locally.	Lack of Russian; Run from disk to create images; Individual files and directories cannot be backed up; Only a full backup of a disk or partition.
	Support for Windows 10, 8.1, 8, 7, Vista, XP; High clone accuracy; Support for IDE / ATA / SATA hard drives; Cloning and creating virtual images.	Multifunctionality and high speed of work only in plate versions
Renee Becca	Copy, clone and restore; support for Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista, XP, 2000, 2003.	Difficulty downloading for Windows 10 users;

Acronis True Image 2018

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Acronis True Image is one of the most popular backup software. The program has wide functionality that will help solve many problems with Windows.

More precisely, Acronis True Image is a whole package of various programs. On the official website you can read the instructions and get acquainted with the new products.

The developers are constantly expanding the capabilities of the program and adapting it for the most common user. The presence of the Russian language and a simple interface greatly facilitate the work of even a beginner.

The main functions of the program:

Home data protection. This means that you can not only track all the devices you have (smartphones, tablets, laptops that use the same account), but also control them.
Data synchronization capability. This means that the user can have the same data on all computers. In addition, all synchronized data and their versions are stored in the "cloud" storage Acronis Cloud.
Disk cloning. A few simple manipulations and the program will create a copy of the disk.
Ability to backup folders and files. This means that you can copy pictures, videos, audio recordings and other files selectively. That is, there is no need to copy all the sections that contain these files.
The ability to back up the entire disk. That is, you can make a copy of all the data on the disk.
Data archiving function. It means that files that are rarely used or large files can be transferred to a removable storage device (external hard drive, USB drive, NAS device) or to the Acronis cloud.
Ability to create bootable media. That is, you can run the program even on a faulty computer.
Availability of various tools for connection and protection, security and privacy utilities, disk management and cloning utilities.

Probably the only drawback for the average user will be the presence of a paid license.

Although for such an extensive number of functions, the payment is 1700 rubles. not that great.

Download

VIDEO: An easy way to clone a hard or SSD drive using Acronis True Image

An easy way to clone a hard or SSD drive using Acronis True Image

EASEUS Disk Copy

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EASEUS Disk Copy is another rather "strong" program for disk cloning, or rather a set of programs.

The program runs as a boot disk. It is free and has a wide range of features.

The program is in English.

Download

VIDEO: Clone Windows from Hard Drive to SSD

How to: Clone Windows 10 Hard Drive to SSD - EaseUS Disk Copy 3.0

Macrium Reflect

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Macrium Reflect is another hard drive software.

Main options:

Does not require Windows restart (creates a system image on the fly).
You can choose where to store the created image (optical media, local hard drive or network drive).
You can copy data either partially or create a complete disk image.
High speed of work.
High compression ratio.
Built-in scheduler for data backup.
CD / DVD recording capability.

The utility has a simple and accessible interface, but in English.

Download

Paragon Drive Backup

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Paragon Drive Backup is another multifunctional tool that allows you to clone data.

The developers have tried to "invest" in the program of possibilities to the maximum. Paragon Drive Backup was created to forget about the possibility of losing data.

Key features:

The presence of a user interface controlled by "wizards". This means that you do not have to waste time studying the instructions, since all actions are accompanied by prompts.
In the event of a system failure, it is enough to restore the backup (which will take several minutes) and you can continue to work.
A context-sensitive hint system is provided for all program options.
Compatible with Microsoft operating systems.
Compatible with any computer equipment.
Possibility to choose the storage location.

FarStone DriveClone is a free utility that is simple and reliable. The main function of the program is to clone a hard disk.

Main options:

Backing up absolutely all data (including system settings and information about partitions) with subsequent saving.
The ability to clone, both individual segments and the entire disk as a whole.
Work in real time, without rebooting the system.
All data can be transferred to any removable media or to another PC hard drive as a compressed archive.
The ability to clone large disks.

FarStone DriveClone is not multifunctional, but it does the main task. But there is a significant drawback: the program does not support Windows older than version 8.1

Also worth mentioning is the version of FarStone RestoreIT Pro.

The program is very simple and easy to understand. But there is one limitation: it is only suitable for PCs that use Seagate and Maxtor hard drives.